Table 2.

Summary of multilevel regression analysis examining associations between social factors and non-smoking intentions and refusal self-efficacy

	Non-smoking intentions		Refusal self-efficacy
	β (95% CI)	P value	β (95% CI)	P value
Boys
Mother smoking	-0.03 (-0.20, 0.14)	0.70	-0.40 (-0.98, 0.18)	0.18
Father smoking	0.02 (-0.15, 0.18)	0.86	-0.25 (-0.74, 0.25)	0.33
Sibling smoking	0.32 (0.05, 0.60)	0.02*	-0.49 (-1.33, 0.36)	0.26
Friend smoking†	-0.57 (-0.77, -0.37)	<0.01*	-0.57 (-1.18, 0.04)	0.07
Girls
Mother smoking	-0.04 (-0.15, 0.08)	0.53	-0.02 (-0.52, 0.49)	0.94
Father smoking	-0.01 (-0.13, 0.10)	0.81	-0.32 (-0.81, 0.17)	0.19
Sibling smoking	-0.38 (-0.55, -0.21)	<0.01*	0.43 (-0.33, 1.19)	0.26
Friend smoking†	-0.33 (-0.49, -0.17)	<0.01*	-1.14 (-1.86, -0.42)	<0.01*

Notes: β, Beta coefficient; CI, confidence interval; ^(†) at least one friend smokes or tried. Beta (95% CI) values reflect the associations between mother, father, sibling and friends smoking and (a) non-smoking intentions or (b) refusal self-efficacy. All models were adjusted for school and deprivation level; non-smoking intention models were also adjusted for refusal self-efficacy and attitudes towards smoking; refusal-self-efficacy models were also adjusted for non-smoking intentions and attitudes towards smoking. *Significant association (P < 0.05).