Table 1.
characteristics of included studies.
| First author (year) | Study design | Country | Income group | Female (%) | Adherence measure | Depression measure | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nannis (1993)[92] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 5 | self-reported | Self report | 101 |
| Singh (1996)[112] | Cohort | USA | High | 0 | Pharm refill | Self report | 46 |
| Demas (1998)[47] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 40 | self-reported | Self report | 49 |
| Gordillo (1999)[57] | Cohort | Spain | High | 24 | pill count | BDI | 362 |
| Catz (2000)[41] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 13 | self-reported | CES-D | 72 |
| Gifford (2000)[55] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 14 | self-reported | BDI | 104 |
| Patterson (2000)[6] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | MEMS Caps | Medical Records | 81 | |
| Avants (2001)[30] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 31 | self-reported | BDI | 42 |
| Catz (2001)[40] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 20 | self-reported | Self report | 113 |
| Duran (2001)[51] | Cross-sectional | France | High | 20 | self-reported | Self report | 336 |
| Kalichman (2001)[69] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 100 | self-reported | Self report | 72 |
| Murphy (2001)[87] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 73 | self-reported | Self report | 145 |
| Pratt (2001)[101] | Cross-sectional | England | High | 13 | self-reported | Interview | 222 |
| Safren (2001)[105] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 9 | self-reported | Self report | 84 |
| Stone (2001)[115] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 100 | self-reported | Self report | 289 |
| Wagner (2001)[124] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 1 | self-reported | Self report | 595 |
| Wilson (2001)[127] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 100 | self-reported | Self report as interview | 247 |
| Molassiotis (2002)[83] | Cross-sectional | Hong Kong | High | 8 | self-reported | Self report | 136 |
| Simoni (2002)[110] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 61 | self-reported | Self report | 50 |
| Spire (2002)[114] | Cohort | France | High | 22 | self-reported | Self report | 445 |
| Van Servellen (2002)[120] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 30 | self-reported | Self report | 182 |
| Wagner (2003)[123] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 18 | self-reported | Interview | 180 |
| Carrieri (2003)[39] | Cohort | France | High | 31 | self-reported | Self report | 96 |
| Delgado (2003)[46] | Cohort | Canada | High | 14 | Pharm refill | Self report | 316 |
| Johnson (2003)[65] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 24 | self-reported | Self report | 2765 |
| Kalichman (2003)[68] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 30 | self-reported | Self report | 255 |
| Palmer (2003)[98] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 53 | self-reported | SCID-II | 74 |
| Tucker (2003)[118] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 22 | self-reported | Interview | 1910 |
| Turner (2003)[119] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 0 | Pharm refill | Medical Records | 3246 |
| Turner (2003)[119] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 100 | Pharm refill | Medical Records | 1857 |
| Ammassari (2004)[26] | Cross-sectional | Italy | High | 46 | self-reported | Interview | 135 |
| Berg (2004)[33] | Cohort | USA | High | 43 | MEMS Caps | CES-D | 113 |
| Cook (2004)[43] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 100 | self-reported | Self report | 684 |
| Gonzalez (2004)[56] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 32 | self-reported | Self report | 90 |
| Ingersoll (2004)[63] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 38.3 | self-reported | CIDI-SF | 120 |
| Kennedy (2004)[72] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 14 | self-reported | Self report | 201 |
| Kleenberger (2004)[75] | Cohort | USA | High | 0 | self-reported | CES-D | 486 |
| Mohammed (2004)[82] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 29.3 | self-reported | Self report | 215 |
| Moss (2004)[84] | Cohort | USA | High | 57 | self-reported | Self report | 148 |
| Murphy (2004)[86] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 9 | self-reported | CES-D | 114 |
| Palepu (2004)[97] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 21 | self-reported | CES-D | 194 |
| Samet (2004)[106] | Cohort | USA | High | 19 | self-reported | CES-D | 204 |
| Wilson (2004)[128] | Cohort | Australia | High | 10 | self-reported | Self report | 182 |
| Ahdieh-Grant (2005)[23] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 100 | self-reported | Self report | 903 |
| Anastos (2005)[27] | Cohort | USA | High | 100 | self-reported | CES-D | 204 |
| Barfod (2005)[31] | Cross-sectional | Denmark | High | 21 | self-reported | Self report | 887 |
| Bottonari (2005)[36] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 4 | self-reported | Self report | 24 |
| Hileriol (2005)[59] | Cross-sectional | Puerto Rico | High | 100 | self-reported | Self report | 15 |
| Ironson (2005)[64] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 30 | self-reported | Self report | 160 |
| Li (2005)[77] | Cohort | USA | High | 0 | self-reported | Self report | 623 |
| Phillips (2005)[100] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 100 | self-reported | Self report | 125 |
| Sledjeski (2005)[113] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 16 | self-reported | Self report | 53 |
| Yun (2005)[130] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 12 | Pharm refill | Medical Records | 818 |
| Boarts (2006)[35] | Cohort | USA | High | 18 | self-reported | Self report | 57 |
| Liu (2006)[79] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 100 | self-reported | Self report | 114 |
| Markos (2006)[80] | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | 48 | self-reported | Self report | 291 |
| Mugavero (2006)[85] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 29 | self-reported | Self report as interview | 474 |
| Nilsson-Schonnesson (2006)[94] | Cohort | Sweden | High | 22 | self-reported | Self report | 141 |
| O’Cleirigh (2006)[96] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 17 | self-reported | Self report | 152 |
| Tadios (2006)[116] | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | 49 | self-reported | Self report | 431 |
| Waldrop-Valverde (2006)[125] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 23 | self-reported | Self report | 57 |
| Amico (2007)[25] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 44 | self-reported | CES-D | 151 |
| Arnsten (2007)[29] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 35 | self-reported | BSI | 636 |
| Berger-Greenstein (2007)[34] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 35.3 | self-reported | BDI-II | 61 |
| Cruess (2007)[44] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 37 | self-reported | Self report | 117 |
| Gibbie (2007)[54] | Cross-sectional | Australia | High | 3 | self-reported | Self report | 80 |
| Holmes (2007)[60] | Cohort | USA | High | 19 | MEMS Caps | CES-D | 116 |
| Horne (2007)[62] | Cross-sectional | United Kingdom | High | self-reported | Self report | 117 | |
| Kim (2007)[73] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 23 | self-reported | CES-D | 266 |
| Lima (2007)[10] | Cohort | Canada | High | 9 | Pharm refill | Self report | 563 |
| O’Cleirigh (2007)[95] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 33 | self-reported | Self report | 91 |
| Ramadhani (2007)[102] | Cross-sectional | Tanzania | Low | 63 | self-reported | Hopkins Symptom Checklist (25 items) | 150 |
| Villes (2007)[121] | Cross-sectional | France | High | 22 | self-reported | Self report | 841 |
| Amberbir (2008)[24] | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | 60 | self-reported | CES-D | 400 |
| Cardarelli (2008)[38] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 26 | self-reported | Self report | 101 |
| Cha (2008)[42] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 33 | self-reported | BDI-II | 215 |
| Hermann (2008)[58] | Cross-sectional | Australia | High | 14 | self-reported | Self report | 145 |
| Hornberg (2008)[61] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 11 | Pharm refill | Medical Records | 3359 |
| Johnson (2008)[66] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 0 | self-reported | Self report | 328 |
| Leserman (2008)[76] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 39 | self-reported | Self report | 105 |
| Littlewood (2008)[78] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 44 | self-reported | CES-D | 221 |
| Roux (2008)[103] | Cohort | France | High | 28 | self-reported | CES-D | 276 |
| Sarna (2008)[107] | Cross-sectional | India | Middle | 13 | self-reported | BDI-II | 309 |
| Shin (2008)[108] | Cross-sectional | Peru | Middle | 2 | self-reported | Hopkins’s symptoms checklist | 43 |
| Shuter (2008)[109] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 44 | MEMS Caps | Self report as interview | 29 |
| Thrasher (2008)[117] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 22 | self-reported | Self report | 1886 |
| Vraneacu (2008)[122] | Cohort | USA | High | 24 | MEMS Caps | Self report | 156 |
| Applebaum (2009)[28] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 33 | self-reported | Interview | 67 |
| Berg (2009)[32] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 54 | self-reported | Self report via ACASI | 70 |
| Byakika-Tusime (2009)[37] | Cross-sectional | Uganda | Low | 70.1 | pill count | Becks Depression Inventory (BDI) (21 items) | 177 |
| Diliorio (2009)[48] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 32 | self-reported | Self report | 236 |
| Kapetanovic (2009)[70] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 100 | self-reported | Medical Records | 328 |
| Meade (2009)[81] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 50 | self-reported | Self report via ACASI | 180 |
| Nakimuli-Mpungu (2009)[91] | Cross-sectional | Uganda | Low | 78 | self-reported | Self-Reporting Questionnaire (20 items) | 122 |
| Royal (2009)[104] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 28 | self-reported | CES-D | 350 |
| Webb (2009)[126] | Cohort | USA | High | 46 | self-reported | Self report | 168 |
| Wood (2009)[129] | Cohort | USA | High | 15 | MEMS Caps | Self report | 79 |
| Adewuya (2010)[22] | Cross-sectional | Nigeria | Middle | 58 | self-reported | General Health Questionnaire (12 items) | 182 |
| Etienne (2010)[52] | Cross-sectional | Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Nigeria, and Rwand | 65.4 | self-reported | Center for Epidemiological studies Depression scale (20 items) | 921 | |
| Farley (2010)[53] | Cross-sectional | Nigeria | Middle | 70 | Pharm refill | 399 | |
| Kacanek (2010)[67] | Cohort | USA | High | 23 | self-reported | Self report as interview | 225 |
| Peltzer (2010)[99] | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Middle | 73.4 | self-reported | Center for Epidemiological studies Depression scale (10 items) | 519 |
| Kekwaletswe (2011)[71] | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Middle | 68 | self-reported | Center for Epidemiological studies Depression scale (20 items) | 304 |
| Nachega (2011)[88] | Cohort | South Africa | Middle | 60 | pill count | BSI | 274 |
| De (2012)[45] | Cross-sectional | India | Middle | 100 | self-reported | beck’s depression inventory | 94 |
| King (2012)[74] | Cohort | USA | High | 27.9 | self-reported | CES-D | 326 |
| Nel (2012)[93] | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Middle | 82.2 | self-reported | Beck Depression Inventory II | 101 |
| Simoni (2012)[111] | Cross-sectional | USA | High | 33 | MEMS Caps | BDI II | 1809 |
| Do (2013)[49] | Cross-sectional | Viet Nma | Middle | 34 | self-reported | CES-D | 615 |
| Nakimuli-Mpungu (2013)[89] | Uganda | Low | 66 | pill count | Mini neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) | 400 |