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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 14.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014 Jul 31;46(0 4):534–546. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.017

Table 1.

Neural and muscular specializations found in golden-collared manakins (Manacus vitellinus) likely related to their elaborate courtship displays.

Tissue/structure Particularity Reference
Brain
    Arcopallium Sexually dimorphic (M > F); Region-wide expression of androgen receptors Day et al. (2011) and Fusani et al. (2003a)
    Hippocampal area Sexually dimorphic (M > F) Day et al. (2011)
    Ventrolateral mesopallium Sexually dimorphic (F > M) Day et al. (2011)
Spinal cord
    Brachial and lumbosacral enlargements Widespread expression of androgen- (F> M) and oestrogen receptors Fuxjager et al. (2012) and Schultz and Schlinger (1999)
    Motor and sensory neurones innervating limbs Widespread expression of androgen receptor Fuxjager et al. (2012)
Limb muscles
    Supracoracoideus Hypertrophied (M > F, M > ZF); Larger fibre size (M > F); Higher proportion of fast-twitch fibres (M > F) Lowe (1942) and Schultz et al. (2001)
    Scapulohumeralis dorsalis Hypertrophied (M > F, M > ZF); Larger fibre size (M > F); Higher proportion of fast-twitch fibres (M > F) Lowe (1942) and Schultz et al. (2001)
    Iliotibialis Hypertrophied (M > F) Lowe (1942) and Schultz et al. (2001)