Table 2.
Prevalence of psychological violence (PSV) during pregnancy by maternal characteristics
| Characteristics † |
Violence (n = 439)
Number (%) |
Non-violence (n = 1,020)
Number (%) |
OR (95% CI) ‡ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| < 25 | 460 (46.7) | 204 (46.3) | 1.01 (0.81-1.27) |
| ≥ 25 | 525 (53.3) | 237 (53.7) | |
| Gravida | |||
| Primiparous | 23 (2.3) | 14 (3.2) | 0.72 (0.37-1.42) |
| Multipara | 962 (97.7) | 426 (96.8) | |
| Educational status | |||
| Illiterate and primary | 344 (34.9) | 167 (37.9) | 0.88 (069-1.11) |
| Secondary and over | 641 (65.1) | 274 (62.1) | |
| Occupational status | |||
| Housekeeper | 815 (84.9) | 372 (85.1) | 0.93 (0.67-1.29) |
| Employed | 145 (15.1) | 62 (14.3) | |
| Age of husband | |||
| <30 | 546 (55.4) | 247 (56) | 0.97 (0.77-1.22) |
| ≥30 | 439 (44.6) | 194 (44) | |
| Husband's educational status | |||
| Illiterate and primary | 369 (37.5) | 152 (34.5) | 1.13 (0.9-1.43) |
| Secondary and over | 615 (62.5) | 288 (65.5) | |
| Husband occupational status | |||
| Governmental job | 805 (81.7) | 372 (84.5) | 0.81 (0.6-1.10) |
| Non- governmental job | 180 (18.3) | 68 (15.5) | |
| Polygamy | |||
| Yes | 59 (6) | 33 (7.5) | 1.26 (0.81-1.97) |
| No | 926 (94) | 408 (92.5) | |
| Duration of marriage (years) | |||
| < 5 | 611 (62) | 265 (60.2) | 1.07 (0.85-1.35) |
| ≥ 5 | 374 (38) | 175 (39.8) | |
| Having relative kinship with husband | |||
| Yes | 133 (13.6) | 73 (16.7) | 0.78 (0.57-1.06) |
| No | 848 (86.4) | 363 (83.3) | |
| Housing | |||
| Own house | 412 (41.8) | 202 (45.8) | 1.17 (0.93-1.47) |
| Renting | 573 (58.2) | 239 (54.2) | |
| Total household income (monthly) | |||
| High (more than 450 USD; U.S. dollar) | 223 (22.7) | 97 (22) | 1.03 (79-1.36) |
| Low (350 USD and less) | 760 (77.3) | 343 (78) |
†
There was no significant difference between two groups;
‡
Result from chi-square test