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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Res. 2015 Mar 3;75(6):950–962. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-0992

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of ABT induced recruitment and polarization of M2-macrophages and their effects on prostate cancer progression.

Figure 7

Androgen blockade therapy by chemical or physical castration and AR blockade induces expression of macrophage recruiting cytokine CSF-1 as well as M2-skewing cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-13. M2-macrophages and their tumor promoting properties can be countered by inhibitors of CSF-1/CSF1R axis, such as PLX3397 resulting in delaying treatment failure (i.e. the onset of CRPC). In effect, adding a TAM blocking treatment can improve the durability of existing ABT.