Figure 1.

Predicted effects of respiratory constraints and survival trade-offs on cod fitness under climate warming. In the definition of aerobic scope (a) processes such as foraging and digestion required for long-term survival are not included ((b) see electronic supplementary material). These overhead costs increase with temperature, causing fitness (c) to decline more rapidly at warmer temperatures than predicted by aerobic scope alone. In (c), the central line denotes the population mean and shaded grey areas within-population variance due to environmental stochasticity.