Figure 27.

AFM images of the gold surfaces during a patterning procedure starting with the bare gold (upper left), the gold surface modified by a mixed SAM (upper right), the surface with covalently attached SNA I lectin (lower left), and the surface after being treated with a blocking agent (lower right). Scale of z-axis was adjusted in a way to clearly see topological features on the surface after each modification step. Adapted with permission from ref (653). Copyright 2013 Springer Science and Business Media.