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Examples of antibody immobilization to the surface. The binding can be achieved via, for example, (a) physical adsorption, (b) entrapment into a polymer matrix, (c) thiol groups, (d) protein A or G, (e) DNA-directed immobilization (by site-specific coupling of protein G to DNA oligonucleotide), (f) avidin–biotin system, (g) nanoparticle, or (h) carbon nanotubes (linked via carboxyl groups at CNT). (i) Structure of the antibody with Fab and Fc region.
