Table 1.
Populations at risk for celiac disease, in which investigations for celiac disease are indicated, according to the most recent guidelines proposed by European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and American College of Gastroenterology
| ESPGHAN | NASPGHAN | ACG |
| Test children/adolescent with: | Test children/adolescent with: | Test patients with: |
| Chronic or intermittent diarrhoea, growth failure, weight loss | diarrhea and failure to thrive | chronic diarrhea with weight loss |
| Chronic abdominal pain, cramping or distension, nausea or vomiting, chronic constipation | abdominal pain, anorexia, constipation, vomiting | post-prandial abdominal pain, bloating |
| Short stature, delayed puberty | short stature, delayed puberty | other symptoms/signs suspect for CD |
| dermatitis herpetiformis–type rash | dermatitis herpetiformis | |
| unexplained abnormal liver biochemistry | unexplained abnormal liver biochemistry | |
| Iron-deficiency anaemia | Iron-deficient anaemia resistant to oral iron | other laboratory signs suspect for CD |
| repetitive fractures/osteopenia/osteoporosis | osteoporosis | |
| chronic fatigue, ameorrhoea, recurrent aphthous stomatitis | Dental enamel hypoplasia of permanent teeth | |
| First- degree family members | First-degree family members | First- degree family members |
| Type 1-diabetes mellitus | Type 1-diabetes mellitus | Type 1-diabetes mellitus |
| Other associated conditions1 | Other associated conditions1 |
1
Down syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, Turner syndrome, Williams syndrome, IgA deficiency. ESPGHAN guidelines also consider autoimmune liver diseases. CD: Celiac disease; ESPGHAN: European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; NASPGHAN: North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; ACG: American College of Gastroenterology.