RAW cells were treated with endotoxin (100 ng/ml) for various time points (0–1 h), IKKα and RelA were immunoprecipitated with specific antibody, and binding to the promoter region of various pro-inflammatory cytokine genes was detected by PCR primers for COX-2, MnSOD, RANTES, and IκBα, which flank a κB binding motif. Binding to the various promoters is compared with PCR of the input DNA against using the COX-2 primers. LPS, lipopolysaccharide.