Table 2.
Bivariate Associations with injecting in an HIV infection hotspot among male and female IDUs in Tijuana, Mexico, April 2006–April 2007
| Variables | Males (n= 880) Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Females (n= 151) Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Demography | ||
| Age | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) |
| Married/Common Law | 1.17 (0.87–1.57) | 1.11 (0.56–2.20) |
| <9th grade education | 1.07 (0.82–1.40) | 0.95 (0.48–1.88) |
| Homeless (past 6 mo) | 1.89 (1.29–2.77)*** | 0.33 (0.07–1.54) |
| Speaks some English | 1.12 (0.84–1.50) | 0.99 (0.48–2.04) |
| Prostitution was main source of income in past year | 0.76 (0.18–3.22) | 6.43 (2.14–19.30)*** |
| Had health insurance (past 6 mo) | 0.65 (0.41–1.02)* | 0.28 (0.08–1.05)* |
| Mobility | ||
| Travels > 5km between residence and regular injection site | 2.48 (1.31–4.71)*** | >999 (<0.01–>999) |
| Moved to Tijuana in the past 5 years | 1.41 (1.03–1.93)** | 0.91 (0.41–2.02) |
| Ever deported from the U.S. | 1.75 (1.34–2.30)*** | 1.33 (0.57–3.14) |
| Clinical Status | ||
| Active syphilis (antibody titer≥1:8) | 2.71 (1.51–4.85)*** | 1.98 (0.69–5.65) |
| Lifetime syphilis exposure (antibody positive) | 2.25 (1.48–3.42)*** | 2.48 (1.13–5.45)** |
| Drug Use Risk Behaviors (past 6 months, unless indicated) | ||
| Ever injected with someone who lives in the U.S. | 1.27 (0.98–1.66)* | 0.99 (0.48–2.04) |
| Receptive needle/syringe sharing | 0.68 (0.52–0.90)*** | 0.96 (0.48–1.90) |
| Normally injected drugs outdoors for males/ indoors for females | 1.33 (1.02–1.74)** | 3.53 (1.32–9.47)** |
| Encounters with Police | ||
| Police presence ever caused a rushed injection | 1.31 (0.99–1.73)* | 2.14 (0.93–4.91)* |
| Police presence affected where used drugs (past 6 mo) | 1.45 (1.10–1.90)*** | 1.71 (0.81–3.62) |
| Arrested for any reason (past 6 mo) | 1.48 (1.06–2.07)** | 1.86 (0.93–3.72)* |
| Ever arrested for carrying unused needles/sterile | 1.29 (0.98–1.71)* | 2.57 (1.09–6.09)** |
| Arrested for carrying unused/sterile needles/syringes (past 6 mo) | 1.46 (1.10–2.00)*** | 1.79 (0.67–4.78) |
| Beaten by police (past 6 mo) | 1.55 (1.18–2.04)*** | 2.24 (0.85–5.90) |
| Police officer ever ask for sexual favors | 1.28 (0.32–5.14) | 2.43 (1.12–5.27)** |
| Syringes taken by police (past 6 mo) | 1.81 (1.09–3.00)** | 2.20 (0.46–10.6) |
| HIV Knowledge | ||
| High perceived risk of HIV infection | 1.54 (1.18–2.02)*** | 1.40 (0.68–2.89) |
| Ever had HIV test | 1.12 (0.85–1.48) | 2.16 (1.06–4.40)** |
| Sexual Behavior (past 6 months, unless indicated) | ||
| Sexually active | 1.11 (0.81–1.53) | 2.85 (1.38–5.89)*** |
| Ever traded sex in exchange for money or goods | 1.12 (0.79–1.60) | 2.25 (1.11–4.54)** |
| Did not use condom with casual partner | 1.38 (0.87–2.20) | 4.23 (0.93–19.2)* |
| Used drugs within 2 hours before or during sex with casual partner | 1.35 (0.91–2.00) | 3.18 (1.35–7.47)*** |
Notes: Males: Total n=832 for sexual assault by police; n=832 for sexual favors by police; n=865 for traveling >5km; n=864 for high perceived risk of HIV; n=857 for inject more than once a day
*
p-value≤0.10
**
p-value<0.05
***
p-value<0.01