FIG. 3.

The relationships between primary predictors of first formant variability and the secondary associated areas. As in Figure 2, the solid color represents the relationship between the primary predictor and F1 variability. The color of the arrows represents the direction of the partial correlation with the primary predictor. Green represents a positive correlation and red represents a negative correlation. Using the relationship between the primary predictor and variability, and the direction of the partial correlation with the primary predictor, the direction of the relationship between the secondary associated area and F1 variability in indicated by the color of the region's outline (green is positive, red in negative). Brain regions are as follows: sma, supplementary motor area; sms, sensory motor strip; ifr, inferior frontal region; s.tmp, superior temporal region; t.tmp, transverse temporal region; cbl, cerebellum, with superior (s.cbl), middle (m.cbl), inferior regions (i.cbl); tha, thalamus; cau, head of the caudate nucleus; put, putamen.