Fig 2. AF-induced remodeling of Ca²⁺-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) δ and protein kinase A (PKA).

Representative Western blots and mean optical density values normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) are displayed relative to sinus rhythm (SR) controls. a, Absolute expression levels of the reference protein, GAPDH, were note affected by AF. b, c Normalized protein expression of total CaMKIIδ and phosphorylated CaMKIIδ (Thr286) in AF animals compared to SR. d Relative CaMKIIδ autophosphorylation at Thr286 was not different between animal groups. e, f Protein levels of catalytic PKA Cα/β subunits (PKA_C) and of phosphorylated regulatory RIIα subunits (PKA_RII) in AF and SR animals. Mean values obtained from five animals per group are provided ± SEM; *P < 0.05.