Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Publication | No. of participants (% male) | Age, years (mean + SD) | Follow up (years) | Gout definition | Outcome definition (no. of deaths) | Covariates in multivariable analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krishnan et al.22 | 12,866 (100) | Overall: 46 ± 6 Gout: 47 ± 5 Not gout: 46 ± 6 | 6.5 | Self report of physician diagnosis + documented sustained hyperuricaemia | Fatal acute MI (246) | Clustering within arms of the study, age, blood pressure, serum cholesterol level, serum creatinine level, diabetes, smoking, family history of MI, aspirin use, diuretic use, alcohol use, BMI, serum uric acid level |
| Choi and Curhan11 | 47,258 (100) | Gout: 59 Not gout: 54 (SD not reported) | 12 | Self report of physician diagnosis | All cardiovascular deaths (2132) Fatal CHD (1576) | Age, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, aspirin/diuretic use, diabetes, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol, family history of MI, energy intake, trans fat, dietary cholesterol, protein, linoleic fatty acid, ratio of polyunsaturated to unsaturated fat |
| Krishnan et al.12 | 9105 (100) | Gout: 52.9 ± 5.8 Not gout: 52.1 ± 5.9 | 17 | Self report or physician diagnosis + documented sustained hyperuricaemia OR use of gout medication in the preceding 5y OR self report of gout without urate level | Death from any cardiovascular end-point (1241) Fatal MI (360) Fatal CHD (833) | Age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, plasma triglyceride levels, serum creatinine levels, fasting glucose level, cigarettes per day, family history of MI, aspirin use, diuretic use, alcoholic drinks per day, BMI |
| DeVera et al.23 | 57,852 (59.7) | Gout M: 73.9 ± 6.4 F: 75 ± 6.8 Not gout M: 73.3 ± 6.4 F: 75.0 ± 6.8 | 7 | ICD-9 coded | Fatal acute MI (778) | Age, hypertension, diabetes, COPD, hyperlipidaemia, Charlson comorbidity score, monthly prescription drug use of NSAIDs, aspirin, glucocorticoids, statins, anticoagulants, HRT, diuretics |
| Kuo et al.20 | 49,332 (53.4) | Gout: 52 ± 11 Not gout: 50 ± 11 | 4.7 | Physican recorded (either crystals present in joint aspirate or ICD-9 gout code) OR self report | Cardiovascular mortality (198) | Normouricaemia/hyperuricaemia/gout, age, gender, number of components of metabolic syndrome, proteinuria |
| Teng et al.21 | 47,035 (41.4) | Gout: 61.5 ± 7.7 Not gout: 61.6 ± 8.0 | 8.1 | Self report of physician diagnosis + self report of elevated serum urate + self report of dietary advice for gout | All cardiovascular deaths (1526) CHD deaths (855) | Age at follow up, years between baseline and follow up, BMI, gender, dialect group, education, alcohol consumption, physical activity, cigarette smoking, dietary saturated fat density, dietary cholesterol density, hypertension, diabetes |
BMI, body mass index; MI, myocardial infarction; CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HRT, hormone-replacement therapy; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.