Table 1.
The incidence of comorbidity in multiple sclerosis in population-based studies.
| Comorbidity | No. studies | I2 statistic | Meta-analysis estimate (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Autoimmune | |||
| Overall | 1 | – | 1.26a |
| Adrenocortical insufficiency | 1 | – | 0a |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 1 | – | 0.01a |
| Celiac disease | 1 | – | 0.01a |
| Derma/Polymyositis | 1 | – | 0a |
| Diabetes Type 1 | 1 | – | 0a |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome | 1 | – | – |
| IBD | 1 | – | 0.01a |
| Myasthenia gravis | 1 | – | 0.11a |
| Pemphigoid/Pemphigus | 1 | – | 0.03a |
| Polymyalgia rheumatica | 1 | – | 0.01a |
| Primary biliary cirrhosis | 1 | – | 0.17a |
| Psoriasis | 1 | – | 0.02a |
| Purpura | 2 | 54.8 | 0.21 (0.087–0.33) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1 | – | 0.02a |
| Sjögren’s syndrome | 1 | – | 0.02a |
| SLE | 1 | – | 0.34a |
| Systemic sclerosis | 4 | 89.9 | 0.17 (0–0.40) |
| Vitiligo | 1 | – | 0a |
| Wegener’s granulomatosis | 1 | – | 0.01a |
| Cancer | |||
| All types | 11 | 99.8 | 4.3 (2.67–6.1) |
| Brain and nervous system | 8 | 97.0 | 0.27 (0.10–0.43) |
| Breast | 9 | 99.2 | 1.6 (0.98–2.30) |
| Bones and joints | 1 | – | 0.01 |
| Digestive system | 9 | 99.0 | 1.05 (0.098–2.01) |
| Thyroid | 3 | 92.1 | 0.056 (0–0.12) |
| Eye and orbit | 3 | 0 | 0.033 (0.01–0.05) |
| Female genital system | 8 | 95.7 | 0.95 (0.11–1.80) |
| Cervical | 5 | 98.1 | 2.95 (0.005–0.58) |
| Ovarian | 3 | 97.3 | 0.24 (0–0.54) |
| Uterine | 5 | 97.4 | 0.29 (0.083–0.51) |
| Endometrial | 1 | – | 0.65 |
| Prostate | 7 | 98.7 | 0.94 (0.021–1.86) |
| Testicular | 7 | 78.4 | 0.055 (0–0.12) |
| Hematologic malignancies | 9 | 82.7 | 0.28 (0.16–0.40) |
| Oral | 1 | – | 0.06a |
| Lung | 10 | 94.8 | 0.12 (0.069–0.17) |
| Skin | 6 | 98.6 | 0.61 (0.21–1.01) |
| Melanoma | 3 | 98.0 | 0.22 (0–0.41) |
| Non-melanoma | 5 | 98.9 | 0.60 (0.14–1.06) |
| Urinary | 4 | 97.9 | 0.41 (0.10–0.72) |
| Renal | 3 | 93.4 | 0.16 (0–0.36) |
| Bladder | 2 | 96.8 | 0.28 (0–0.81) |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 2 | 96.6 | 0.89 (0.68–1.11) |
| Cardiac valvular disease | 1 | – | 0.7a |
| Chronic lung disease | 1 | – | 2.50a |
| Congestive heart failure | 2 | 99.2 | 1.87 (0–3.80) |
| Diabetes | 1 | – | 0.001a |
| Epilepsy | 8 | 98.2 | 2.28 (1.11–3.44) |
| Eye disease | |||
| Cataracts | 1 | – | 2.08a |
| Glaucoma | 1 | – | 1.26a |
| Fibromyalgia | 1 | – | 0.12a |
| Gastrointestinal | |||
| Celiac disease | 1 | – | 0.01a |
| Primary biliary cirrhosis | 1 | – | – |
| Hypertension | 1 | – | 3.73a |
| Stroke | 2 | 47.7 | 2.73 (2.51–2.95) |
a
Only one study therefore meta-analysis not possible. CI: confidence interval; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus.