Table 3. Regression Results of the Relation between Frequency of Moderate-Intensity Physical Activity (MoIPA, days/week) and Distribution of Academic Performance Scores (N = 1470, Year = 2009).
| OLS Regression | Quantile Regression with School Effects 1 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without School Effects | With School Effects | 10th quant. | 25th quant. | Median | 75th quant. | 90th quant. | |
| β(SE) | β(SE) | β(SE) | β(SE) | β(SE) | β(SE) | β(SE) | |
| MoIPA | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.14 (0.08) | 0.15* (0.07) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.06) | -0.06 (0.07) |
| Age | 0.07 (0.15) | 0.06 (0.14) | -0.07 (0.48) | 0.05 (0.36) | 0.17 (0.38) | 0.46 (0.41) | 0.60 (0.47) |
| Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics | |||||||
| Gender (Reference—Male) | |||||||
| Female | 0.73*** (0.21) | 0.76***(0.19) | 0.75 (0.40) | 0.48 (0.31) | 0.50 (0.27) | 0.71**(0.21) | 1.11**(0.33) |
| Household Income Per Capita Per Month (Reference—>¥2500) | |||||||
| ¥<1500 | 0.22 (0.31) | -0.54 (0.30) | -0.43 (0.63) | -0.32 (0.51) | -0.85 (0.41) | -0.80* (0.35) | -1.15 (0.63) |
| ¥1500–2500 | 0.42 (0.27) | 0.01 (0.26) | 0.37 (0.50) | -0.04 (0.35) | -0.02 (0.32) | -0.09 (0.32) | -0.06 (0.45) |
| Family Structure (Reference—Nuclear family) | |||||||
| Single-parent | -0.38 (0.48) | -0.56 (0.45) | -0.32 (0.68) | -0.89 (0.55) | -0.73 (0.57) | -0.43 (0.85) | 0.17 (0.90) |
| Extended family | 0.05 (0.22) | -0.03 (0.21) | -0.06 (0.42) | -0.24 (0.32) | -0.07 (0.28) | 0.24 (0.23) | 0.03 (0.32) |
| Mother's Educational Attainment (Reference—Less than high school) | |||||||
| High school | -0.26 (0.32) | 0.31 (0.31) | 0.01 (0.68) | 0.26 (0.40) | 0.15 (0.40) | 0.30 (0.34) | 0.87 (0.64) |
| College & above | 0.90* (0.37) | 1.46***(0.36) | 1.70* (0.79) | 1.62***(0.45) | 1.42** (0.46) | 1.01** (0.38) | 1.26* (0.63) |
| Father's Educational Attainment (Reference—Less than high school) | |||||||
| High school | 0.30 (0.33) | 0.60 (0.32) | 0.94 (0.65) | 0.76 (0.43) | 0.55 (0.37) | 0.62 (0.34) | 0.06 (0.57) |
| College & above | 0.73 (0.38) | 1.61***(0.38) | 0.98 (0.79) | 1.44** (0.49) | 1.66** (0.53) | 2.14***(0.47) | 1.85** (0.71) |
| Time spent on other activities | |||||||
| Attend Extracurricular Activities? (Reference—No) | |||||||
| Yes | 0.95*** (0.23) | 1.20***(0.22) | 1.25* (0.50) | 0.83* (0.38) | 1.24***(0.27) | 1.27***(0.30) | 1.54*** (0.38) |
| Average Time Spent on Homework Per Day (Reference—< 1 hour) | |||||||
| 1–2 hours | -0.92* (0.39) | -0.96**(0.37) | -1.26 (0.93) | -1.12* (0.46) | -0.88 (0.46) | -1.08**(0.38) | -0.64(0.48) |
| 2–3 hours | -2.09***(0.40) | -2.42***(0.38) | -3.35***(0.94) | -2.90***(0.55) | -2.27***(0.47) | -2.22***(0.41) | -1.62**(0.47) |
| > 3 hours | -3.04***(0.47) | -3.57***(0.45) | -4.25***(1.16) | -4.26***(0.51) | -3.82***(0.55) | -3.06***(0.48) | -2.54***(0.71) |
| Health Status | |||||||
| Weight Status (Reference—Not obese) | |||||||
| Obese | -0.67* (0.32) | -0.48 (0.30) | -0.90 (0.53) | -0.15 (0.47) | -0.40 (0.41) | -0.45 (0.35) | -0.59 (0.50) |
| Having Chronic Allergic Rhinitis? (Reference—No) | |||||||
| Yes | 0.18 (0.30) | 0.52 (0.28) | 0.55 (0.58) | 0.24 (0.36) | 0.06 (0.38) | 0.89* (0.38) | 0.84 (0.46) |
| Having Asthma? (Reference—No) | |||||||
| Yes | -0.25 (0.53) | -0.01 (0.50) | -1.22 (1.00) | -0.64 (0.86) | 0.54 (0.62) | 0.57 (0.77) | 0.67 (0.89) |
| Intercept | 16.87***(1.61) | 13.79 (1.55) | 10.14 (5.32) | 12.03** (3.91) | 13.23**(4.04) | 12.31**(4.38) | 12.32* (5.12) |
| R 2 | 0.13 | 0.24 | |||||
| 0.10 Pseudo R 2 | 0.16 | ||||||
| 0.25 Pseudo R 2 | 0.12 | ||||||
| 0.50 Pseudo R 2 | 0.15 | ||||||
| 0.75 Pseudo R 2 | 0.13 | ||||||
| 0.90 Pseudo R 2 | 0.13 | ||||||
1. Bootstrapped standard errors with 100 replications.
* P<0.05
**P<0.01
***P<0.001