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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Exp Neurol. 2015 Jan 15;265:122–128. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.001

A. Diagram of frontal sections (from www.brain-map.org) showing sites of injections and evoked effects in exploratory pilot experiments: tic-like movements; no apparent behavioral effect; locomotor activation, sniffing, hindpaw licking; behavioral depression. B. Cresyl violet staining of a typical injection site in striatum after infusion of 0.3 uL toluidine blue 20 min before euthanasia. C. Time course of tics, quantified in 5 minute bins starting 5, 15, 25, and 45 min after 0.1 ug of PTX injected into CES, DLS, and Cx. D. Same for 0.2 ug of PTX. E. Pharmacological blockade of PTX-induced tic-like movements by muscimol (MUSC). Saline (SAL) or Musc 0.2 μg was injected 10 min before PTX using the same cannula, targeting the DLS (n = 4; all animals received both treatments, several days apart). F. All tic-like movements were eliminated by muscimol pretreatment.

Inline graphic — A. Diagram of frontal sections (from www.brain-map.org) showing sites of injections and evoked effects in exploratory pilot experiments: tic-like movements; no apparent behavioral effect; locomotor activation, sniffing, hindpaw licking; behavioral depression. B. Cresyl violet staining of a typical injection site in striatum after infusion of 0.3 uL toluidine blue 20 min before euthanasia. C. Time course of tics, quantified in 5 minute bins starting 5, 15, 25, and 45 min after 0.1 ug of PTX injected into CES, DLS, and Cx. D. Same for 0.2 ug of PTX. E. Pharmacological blockade of PTX-induced tic-like movements by muscimol (MUSC). Saline (SAL) or Musc 0.2 μg was injected 10 min before PTX using the same cannula, targeting the DLS (n = 4; all animals received both treatments, several days apart). F. All tic-like movements were eliminated by muscimol pretreatment.