Fig 1. Response-outcome contingencies in the experimental conditions.

In the “reward Nogo” conditions, participants were rewarded when they withheld responses to the “Nogo” stimuli: (a) under the reward-reward condition, participants were also rewarded for responding to the “Go” stimuli, while (b) under the punishment-reward condition, participants were punished for withholding responses to the “Go” stimuli. In the “punishment Nogo” conditions, participants were punished when they responded to the “Nogo” stimuli: (c) under the punishment-punishment condition, participants were also punished for withholding responses to the “Go” stimuli, while (d) under the reward-punishment condition, participants were rewarded for responding to the “Go” stimuli.