Table 2.
Individual genes whose protein products are altered in daf-2 vs daf-16; daf-2 animals
| Gene | Protein name | Protein function |
|---|---|---|
| Proteins with increased abundance in daf-2(e1370) | ||
| alh-9* | Aldehyde dehydrogenase | Predicted to catalyse aldehyde oxidation; alh-9(RNAi) results in embryonic and larval lethality, slow growth, sterility and body morphology defects |
| B0286.3 | No info | |
| C31C9.2 | No info | |
| cdr-2 | Cadmium responsive | |
| dpy-11 | Dumpy: shorter than WT | Thioredoxin- like protein that affects body shape and ray morphology |
| F09B12.3 | No info | |
| F37C4.5 | No info | |
| fbp-1* | Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase | Gluconeogenic enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate in a reaction that reverses the third enzymatic step of glycolysis |
| gei-15 | GEX Interacting protein | |
|
gei-7 /icl-1* |
Isocitrate lyase/malate synthase homolog | Predicted to function in the glyoxylate cycle; ICL-1 is required for embryonic morphogenesis and appears to act downstream of DAF-16 to influence lifespan |
| glb-1* | Globin related | Repressed by DAF-2 signalling in a DAF-16 dependent manner |
| gst-1 | Glutathione S-transferase | Required for sperm migration |
| gst-10* | Glutathione S-transferase | Catalyses the conjugation of glutathione to 4-hydroxynonenal in vitro |
| isp-1 | Iron-sulfur protein | |
| lbp-6 | Lipid binding protein | |
| lea-1* | Plant late embryo abundant related | |
| lec-4 | Galectin | Exhibits sugar binding properties in vitro |
| lec-5 | Galectin | |
| lec-6* | Galectin | LEC-6 can interact with several types of blood group precursor oligosaccharides and gangliosides in vitro |
| mdt-28 | Mediator | Transcriptional regulatory complex |
| myo-3 | Myosin heavy chain (MHC) minor isoform | Essential for thick filament formation, for viability, movement, and embryonic elongation |
| npa-1* | Nematode polyprotein allergen related | Encodes a large polyprotein precursor that is post-translationally cleaved to multiple units of ~14.5 kDa, each of which is a strong binding protein for fatty acids and retinol; NPA-1-derived peptides are probably carrier proteins that enable lipid distribution in nematodes; NPA-1-derived peptides are also secreted by parasitic nematode species |
| pgk-1 | Phosphoglycerate kinase | |
| spc-1 | Spectrin | Required for body morphogenesis, formation of body wall muscles, locomotion, and larval development |
| T25B9.9 | No info | |
| W10C8.5* | No info | |
| Proteins with decreased abundance in daf-2(e1370) | ||
| C44B12.1 | Permeable eggshell | |
| cgh-1** | Conserved germline helicase | Inhibits physiological apoptosis in oocytes; required for sperm function, oocyte fertilization, and early embryonic cytokinesis |
| D2096.8* | Nucleosome assembly protein | Required for transcriptional regulation that affects a number of biological processes including embryonic and larval development; Previously noted to be down in daf-2 animals compared to WT |
| daf-21* | Abnormal dauer formation (Hsp90 family) | Molecular chaperone; required for larval development, negative regulation of dauer formation, and a number of specific chemosensory behaviours; required for the extended life span seen in age-1 mutant animals |
| eft-2* | Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 | GTP-binding protein essential for the elongation phase of protein synthesis; eef-2 is required for embryogenesis and vulval morphogenesis |
| F13H8.7 | Ureidopropionase beta | Catalyses the catabolism of 3-ureidopropionate and 2-methyl-3-ureidopropionate |
| hsp-1 | Heat shock protein (hsp70A) | hsp-1(RNAi) results in a small reduction of age-1 life-span |
| hsp-6 | Heat shock protein | Mitochondrion-specific chaperone; involved in the mitochondrial unfolded protein response; required for normal growth and development; HSP-6 levels are markedly reduced in aged worms |
| imb-3 | Importin beta family | Predicted to function as a nuclear transport factor that, with the RAN-1 GTPase, regulates nuclear import of ribosomal proteins; IMB-3 is essential for embryogenesis and germline development, and may also be required for normal postembryonic growth rates |
| K07C5.4 | No info | |
| lys-1 | Lysozyme | Pathogen resistance |
| M28.5 | No info | |
| nasp-2 | NASP (human nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein) homolog | |
| pas-6 | Proteasome type 1 alpha subunit of 26S 20S core particle | PAS-6 is required for embryonic, larval, and germline development |
| R07H5.8 | No info | |
| R09B3.3 | No info | |
| rack-1 | RACK1 (mammalian receptor of activated C kinase) homolog | Required cell autonomously for VD/DD motor axon pathfinding; rack-1 is also required for gonadal distal tip cell migration and for normal brood sizes |
| rpa-0/rla-0 | Ribosomal protein, large subunit, Acidic (P1) | |
| rpl-19 | Ribosomal protein, large subunit | |
| rpl-25.2 | Ribosomal protein, large subunit | |
| rpl-31 | Ribosomal protein, large subunit | |
| rpl-4 | Ribosomal protein, large subunit | |
| rps-15 | Ribosomal protein, small subunit | |
| rps-16 | Ribosomal protein, small subunit | |
| rps-24 | Ribosomal protein, small subunit | RPS-24 activity is required for germline development and the overall health of the animal |
| sams-1 | S-adenosyl methionine synthetase | sams-1(RNAi) can extend adult lifespan |
| vit-1* | Vitellogenin structural genes (yolk protein genes) | |
| vit-3* | Vitellogenin structural genes (yolk protein genes) | VIT-3 is a major yolk component but vit-3(RNAi) does not result in any abnormalities, VIT-3 likely functions redundantly with other vitellogenins to provide essential nutrients to the developing embryo |
| vit-5* | Vitellogenin structural genes (yolk protein genes) | Predicted to function as a lipid transport protein; vit-5(RNAi) indicates that VIT-5 is required for embryogenesis and normal rates of postembryonic growth |
| vit-6* | Vitellogenin structural genes (yolk protein genes) | Vitellogenin precursor protein that is cleaved in the body cavity into two smaller yolk proteins, YP115 and YP88 |
These proteins were identified as altered by both (Depuydt et al. 2013; Stout et al. 2013). Those in red are also less abundant in the proteome of aged (5 or 10 day old adults) compared to young (1 day adult) worms; those in blue are more abundant in aged worms (Liang et al. 2014)
* This protein was also altered in the same direction in (Dong et al. 2007)
** RNAi knockdown of this gene extended lifespan of N2 worms but not daf-16(mu86) mutants (Stout et al. 2013)