Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants at baseline
| CON (n = 25) | EET (n = 17) | PIO (n = 24) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 64±7 | 65±6 | 68±7 | 0.09 |
| Females | 15 (60.0) | 7 (41.2) | 13 (54.2) | 0.48 |
| White | 23 (92.0) | 15 (88.2) | 20 (83.3) | 0.51 |
| Hispanic | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (16.7) | 0.03 |
| Education, years | 16±2 | 16±3 | 16±2 | 0.62 |
| aMCI | 22 (88.0) | 15 (88.2) | 22 (91.7) | 0.90 |
| APOE ε4 alleles | ||||
| 0 | 18 (72.0) | 11 (64.7) | 18 (75.0) | 0.97 |
| 1 | 6 (24.0) | 5 (29.4) | 5 (20.8) | |
| 2 | 1 (4.0) | 1 (5.9) | 1 (4.2) | |
| Antihypertensive medication | 10 (40.0) | 8 (47.1) | 14 (58.3) | 0.43 |
| Lipid-lowering medication | 8 (32.0) | 7 (41.2) | 8 (33.3) | 0.82 |
| Antidepressant medication | 4 (16.0) | 4 (23.5) | 7 (29.2) | 0.54 |
| CES-D | 11.1±7.9 | 9.1±6.1 | 6.6±3.7 | 0.04 |
| MMSE | 28.8±1.3 | 28.6±1.1 | 28.4±1.3 | 0.64 |
| CDR sum of boxes | 0.2±0.3 | 0.1±0.2 | 0.2±0.2 | 0.29 |
| Body composition, metabolic and inflammatory measures | ||||
| Weight, kg | 84.1±14.2 | 85.3±17.5 | 84.0±14.8 | 0.96 |
| BMI | 29±4 | 29±3 | 31±5 | 0.40 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 104.0±10.3 | 104.1±12.1 | 106.3±9.3 | 0.70 |
| Fat mass, kg | 32.1±7.4 | 30.4±7.4 | 32.5±9.8 | 0.72 |
| Fat-free mass, kg | 52.0±11.5 | 54.9±3.3 | 51.5±11.7 | 0.65 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 121±13 | 125±13 | 127±11 | 0.19 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 76±9 | 76±10 | 77±7 | 0.87 |
| VO2 peak, l/min | 2.0±.5 | 1.9±0.5 | 1.7±0.5 | 0.22 |
| Glucose disposal rate, mg/kg/min | 5.7±2.0 | 5.6±2.2 | 5.9±2.6 | 0.92 |
| HbA1c,% | 5.9±0.4 | 6.0±0.3 | 5.9±0.5 | 0.67 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 101±12 | 102±9 | 101±13 | 0.98 |
| Fasting insulin, μU/ml | 16.8±7.8 | 17.1±8.9 | 14.5±6.2 | 0.45 |
| Leptin, ng/ml | 22.2±13.8 | 18.4±10.1 | 27.3±22.7 | 0.25 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 171±36 | 177±44 | 162±36 | 0.46 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 136±65 | 200±226 | 121±42 | 0.12 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 41±10 | 40±10 | 40±8 | 0.92 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 103±27 | 103±37 | 98±31 | 0.84 |
| CRP, mg/l | 2.9±2.7 | 3.9±5.0 | 3.0±3.6 | 0.70 |
| IL-6, pg/ml | 1.8±1.1 | 10.4±32.7 | 1.9±1.2 | 0.21 |
| TNF-α, pg/ml | 1.5±0.9 | 1.4±0.5 | 1.8±2.2 | 0.71 |
| Cognitive measures | ||||
| Memory domain | 9.7±2.1 | 9.5±2.5 | 9.2±2.5 | 0.80 |
| Language domain | 10.8±2.3 | 11.0±1.7 | 10.0±1.9 | 0.26 |
| Visuospatial domain | 11.0±2.0 | 11.6±2.3 | 10.6±1.8 | 0.29 |
| Executive domain | 9.1±2.1 | 10.8±2.3 | 9.9±2.3 | 0.07 |
| ADAS-Cog | 5.4±2.8 | 5.5±1.8 | 7.2±2.8 | 0.04 |
| Stroop Color-Word response time, ms | 1,474±374 | 1,339±346 | 1,574±516 | 0.22 |
| Digits Backward | 6.3±1.7 | 7.8±1.9 | 6.3±1.8 | 0.01 |
| Clock Drawing | 19.3±0.9 | 19.4±0.9 | 19.3±1.0 | 0.95 |
Values are presented as means ± SD or n (%). BMI = Body mass index; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; CRP = C-reactive protein.