Pharmacokinetics of Gefitinib in a Patient with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Abstract

A 72-year-old man undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for chronic renal failure and who had undergone right upper lobectomy for lung adenocarcinoma (pT2aN0M0) 2 years ago was admitted for recurrence of lung cancer presenting as multiple brain metastases. An epidermal growth factor receptor mutation analysis of his lung cancer revealed a deletion of 15 nucleotides (E746-A750) in exon 19. After whole-brain radiotherapy, we started daily administration of 250 mg gefitinib under the continuation of CAPD and performed a pharmacokinetic analysis. We speculated that the plasma concentration of gefitinib reached the steady state at least by day 16 after the start of gefitinib (626.6 ng/ml at trough level). On day 46, the plasma concentration was 538.4 ng/ml at trough level and the concentration in the peritoneal dialysis fluid was 34.6 ng/ml, suggesting that CAPD appeared to have little effect on the pharmacokinetics of gefitinib. During gefitinib therapy, there were no significant adverse events except for grade 2 diarrhea. Gefitinib could be safely administered to a patient undergoing CAPD.

Introduction

The administration of gefitinib, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is one of the standard therapies for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR mutations [1, 2]. As its toxicity is less than that of cytotoxic anticancer agents, gefitinib can be administered to patients ineligible for cytotoxic chemotherapy because of poor organ functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that EGFR mutation-positive patients with a poor performance status or advanced age can benefit from gefitinib as the first-line treatment [3, 4].

Chronic kidney disease defined as the presence of reduced kidney function, or kidney damage, has become a worldwide health problem. The gradual loss of kidney function is irreversible and can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), a treatment modality which uses the patient's peritoneum as a dialysis membrane, has been widely used for patients with irreversible renal failure.

Gefitinib is mainly metabolized by the liver, and its renal elimination is <4% [5]. There have been several reports on the pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of molecular targeted drugs administered to patients with end-stage renal disease [6, 7], and a recent paper reported that gefitinib could be safely administered to a patient with NSCLC undergoing hemodialysis for chronic renal failure [8]. Successful rituximab and bendamustine treatment has been reported in the case of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient undergoing CAPD [9]. To the best of our knowledge, no reports have been published describing the pharmacokinetics of molecular target drugs including gefitinib in patients on CAPD. This is the first case report with a PK analysis of gefitinib in a patient with NSCLC undergoing CAPD.

Case Report

A 72-year-old man, never-smoker, who had been undergoing CAPD for 2 years for chronic renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy, was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma. Subsequently, he underwent right upper lobectomy (pT2aN0M0). Two years later, he complained of disturbed consciousness, and his brain CT scan revealed multiple brain metastases. Whole-brain radiotherapy with 30 Gy in 10 fractions was immediately started. An EGFR mutation analysis of his lung cancer (fragment analysis; SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan) revealed a deletion of 15 nucleotides (2236–2250) in E746-A750 of exon 19. He was continuing CAPD with the prescription of an exchange of 2 liters 3 times per day. We started gefitinib (250 mg) administration once a day and performed a PK analysis. After obtaining written informed consent, blood samples were collected before and 12 h after the administration of gefitinib on days 1, 3, 8, 16, 46, and 47. The gefitinib concentration in the plasma was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection at Shin-Nihon Kagaku Co., Ltd., Wakayama, Japan. On the first day of gefitinib treatment, the plasma concentration 12 h after administration was 230.8 ng/ml. On the third day, it was 340.2 ng/ml before dosing (at the trough level) and 416.5 ng/ml 12 h after taking gefitinib. The gefitinib concentration increased to 626.6 and 670.0 ng/ml (before and 12 h after dosing, respectively) on day 16. On day 46, the concentration was 538.4 ng/ml at the trough level and 609.2 ng/ml 12 h after taking gefitinib. Thus, we concluded that the plasma concentration of gefitinib had reached the steady state by day 16 at the latest (fig. 1). We also measured the gefitinib concentration of third-space fluid, namely, pleural effusion and peritoneal effusion (drained dialysis solution after 6 h of incubation) on day 46. The gefitinib concentration of in the pleural and peritoneal effusion was 274.2 and 34.6 ng/ml, respectively. The pleural effusion was transudative, and the gefitinib concentration in the pleural fluid was about one third of the plasma concentration. The concentration ratio of gefitinib in the dialysis solution was about 5% of the concentration in plasma. During gefitinib therapy, the patient received some blood transfusions for grade 3 anemia; however, he had had renal anemia before starting gefitinib treatment. He also developed grade 2 diarrhea but did not have other adverse events including rash, fatigue, or appetite loss. After whole-brain radiotherapy and gefitinib administration, the brain metastases had improved, and there was no apparent disease progression observed on chest CT (day 46) and brain MRI (day 41).

Fig. 1.

Time course of the plasma concentration during gefitinib (250 mg/day) administration in the present case. The gefitinib concentration increased to 626.6 and 670.0 ng/ml (before and 12 h after dosing, respectively) on day 16. On day 46, the concentration was 538.4 ng/ml at the trough level and 609.2 ng/ml 12 h after the administration of gefitinib. The plasma concentration of gefitinib had reached the steady state by day 16 at the latest.

Discussion

We report the first PK analysis of gefitinib in a patient with NSCLC undergoing CAPD. The analysis revealed that the gefitinib concentration reached the plateau level on day 16 after the start of gefitinib administration at the latest. In addition, its concentration in the peritoneal dialysis solution after 6 h of incubation was about 5% of the plasma concentration. This indicates that the patient's CAPD appeared to have only a small impact on gefitinib clearance and the pharmacokinetics of the drug. However, it is noteworthy that there are considerable differences in the contents of dialysis solutions or the times and volume of dialysis fluid exchange among individual CAPD patients [10]. If a peritoneal inflammation such as peritoneal metastasis or infection were present, drug penetration into the peritoneal cavity would increase. Thus, the gefitinib clearance by CAPD may vary depending on the dialysis condition.

The plasma concentration of gefitinib at the plateau level in our patient was considerably higher than that in a previous report with 225-mg/day administration to patients with solid tumor (table 1) [5]. Our patient had pleural effusion in which we detected gefitinib at about one third of the plasma concentration. Gefitinib distributed into third-space fluid could be slowly released, resulting in the prolongation of its terminal half-life in the plasma. Thus, we speculated that the gefitinib concentration in the pleural effusion might have induced a high plasma concentration of gefitinib in the present case. Masago et al. [11] described plasma and pleural fluid pharmacokinetics of erlotinib, a mean penetration rate from plasma to pleural fluid of 18 ± 11% on day 1 and 112 ± 72% on day 8, and plasma PK data on day 1 and day 8 which were slightly higher than those previously reported. Despite the elevated gefitinib concentration, the toxicity in the present case was relatively mild. This may be partly because the usual clinical dose of gefitinib (250 mg/day) is only one third of its maximum tolerated dose [12, 13].

Table 1.

Plasma concentration of gefitinib in the present case and reference data from a previous study of Japanese patients with normal renal function [5]

	Present case	Previous study
Gefitinib dose, mg/day	250	225
Concentration at trough level, ng/ml
Day 3	340.2	102±29.1
Day 16	626.6	201±93.91

¹On day 14.

In summary, a PK study of gefitinib in a patient receiving CAPD indicated that peritoneal dialysis had little effect on the elimination of the drug and the plasma concentration could reach the stable level at around 2 weeks. However, as the pharmacokinetics and safety of gefitinib in patients on CAPD might depend on the individual condition, further studies are warranted.