FIGURE 4.

Molecular mechanism of oxidative glutamate toxicity. Increased extracellular glutamate concentration leads to reverse action of Cys glutamate antiporter. GSH depletion, follows due to decrease of intracellular Cys influencing the capacity of cells to scavenge free radicals, rendering them vulnerable mitochondrial dysfunction and to secondary events such as accumulation of ROS, production of Bid and AIF, resulting in cell death.