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. 2015 Mar 11;9:1469–1479. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S80594

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© 2015 Song et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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Overactivation of microglia around optic nerve head.

Notes: Overactivation of microglia leads to excessive production of toxic materials surrounding RGCs, including TNF-α and NO. The binding between TNF-α and TNFR initiates the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, while the interaction between NO and ROS results in production of OONO⁻ followed by cell death.

Abbreviations: RGC, retinal ganglion cell; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor receptor; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species.