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With NAD+ as the donor, PARPs mediate the genotoxic stress-dependent poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. ADP-ribose residues are covalently linked to the side chains of arginine, lysine, aspartate, or glutamate residues of acceptor proteins. Glycosidic ribose-ribose 1′–2′ bonds between ADP-ribose units generate both linear and branched polymers. The chain length of PAR is heterogeneous, which can reach up to 200 ADP-ribose units, with 20–50 units in each branch.
