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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Oncogene. 2014 Sep 15;34(26):3349–3356. doi: 10.1038/onc.2014.295

Figure 3. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation functions as a sensor for activating DNA damage response.

Figure 3

In response to SSBs and DSBs, massive PAR is rapidly generated by PARPs and jumpstarts DNA damage response. In the NER pathway for SSB repair, PAR mediates the recruitment of DDB2 and ALC1. In the BER pathway, PAR targets PNKP, APTX, XRCC1 and APLF to DNA lesions for the subsequent repair. In NHEJ pathway for DSB repair, PAR mediates the recruitment of the Ligase IV -XRCC4 complex. In HR pathway for DSB repair, PAR is recognized by several repair machineries, such as the BRCA1-BARD1 complex, the MRN complex and the hSSB1-INTS complex.