Table 4.
Association Between Lower Neighborhood Social Cohesion and Insomnia Symptoms
| Model 1, ORa (95% CI) | Model 2, ORb (95% CI) | Model 3, ORc (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trouble Falling Asleep | |||
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Yes | 1.10*** (1.06–1.14) | 1.06* (1.01–1.11) | 1.06* (1.01–1.11) |
| Wald test (χ2) | 342.5 | 373.8 | 409.0 |
| Trouble Waking Up During Night | |||
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Yes | 1.06** (1.02–1.10) | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) |
| Wald test (χ2) | 177.3 | 191.1 | 226.4 |
| Trouble Waking Up Too Early | |||
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Yes | 1.07*** (1.03–1.10) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) |
| Wald test (χ2) | 152.2 | 219.2 | 242.3 |
| Not Rested in Morning | |||
| No | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) |
| Yes | 1.15*** (1.11–1.19) | 1.10*** (1.04–1.15) | 1.09*** (1.04–1.15) |
| Wald test (χ2) | 238.4 | 422.1 | 468.6 |
Notes: OR=Odds Ratio; CI=Confidence Interval; GEE analyses were weighted by survey weights.
a
Model 1 (n=6934–6935) controls for age, income, race, education, and sex.
b
Model 2 (n=3896–3898) controls for variables in Model 1 plus BMI, depressive symptoms, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
c
Model 3 (n=3879–3881) controls for variables in Model 2 plus hypertension, heart condition (heart attack, coronary heart disease, angina, etc.), stroke, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis.
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001