Table 1. Summary of subject groups’ demographic, clinical characteristics, and behavioral performance of task.
Entries are of the form: mean ± SEM. Statistical analyses of between-group differences were conducted with chi-squared tests (χ2), Student t-tests (t), and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test (U). All p-values indicate two-tailed statistical significance levels. Details on the scales used can be found in the supplement. A summary of the psychosocial treatment history of our depressed subjects can be found in Table S1. All depressed subjects were naïve to antidepressants at the time of scanning except for two: one had last been exposed 4 months prior to their scan and one had been last exposed 4 years prior to their scan.
| Characteristic | Depressed | Control | Statistic | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants in final analysis | 26 | 37 | ||
| Gender (M / F) | 7 / 19 | 14 / 23 | χ2 =0.819 | 0.366 |
| Age at time of scan (years) | 16.1 ± 0.3 | 16.0 ± 0.2 | t61=0.29 | 0.77 |
| Ethnicity (Asian / Black / Caucasian / Hispanic / Mixed) | 3 / 3 / 8 / 10 / 2 | 4 / 2 / 13 / 14 / 4 | U=9 | 0.458 |
| Hollingshead Socioeconomic Score | 40 ± 25.2 | 29 ± 16.3 | U=432 | 0.36 |
| Tanner Score | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.7 | U=509 | 0.90 |
| Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (Standardized) | 104.2 ± 4.6 | 107.3 ± 3.3 | t61=0.56 | 0.58 |
| Beck's Depression Inventory II | 28.4 ± 2.0 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | t60=13.10 | <0.0001 |
| Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (Standardized) | 73.1 ± 1.8 | 34.3 ± 1.2 | t61=18.64 | <0.0001 |
| Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (Standardized) | 59.8 ± 1.8 | 42.1 ± 1.4 | t60=7.88 | <0.0001 |
| Ruminative Responses Scale | 67.6 ± 3.3 | 33.7 ± 1.7 | t51=9.81 | <0.0001 |
| Age of depression onset (years) | 12.28 ± 0.56 | |||
| Comorbidities | n (%) | |||
| No comorbidities | 9 (34.62%) | |||
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | 7 (26.92%) | |||
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | 3 (11.5%) | |||
| Specific Phobia | 2 (7.7%) | |||
| GAD + PTSD | 1 (3.8%) | |||
| Anxiety Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) | 1 (3.8%) | |||
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder NOS | 1 (3.8%) | |||
| Social Phobia | 2 (7.7%) | |||
| Behavioral performance on emotion identification task | ||||
| Accuracy (%) | 80.73 ± 6.44 | 80.06 ± 9.73 | t61=0.053 | 0.958 |
| Response Time (s) | 2.25 ± 0.52 | 2.16 ± 0.59 | t61=0.110 | 0.913 |