Table 1.
Characteristics of persons attending a student run free-clinic, stratified by police/army harassment or assault in Tijuana in the past 6 months, 2013 (N=601).
| Assaulted or harassed by police/army in the past 6 months | Univariate Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N (%) |
No 373 (62%) |
Yes 228 (38%) |
P-value | |||
| Socio-Demographics | ||||||
| Gender (male) | 433 (72%) | 236 (63%) | 197 (86%) | 0.001 | 3.69 | 2.39–5.69*** |
| Mean age (SD) | 42.1 (11.7) | 43.3 (12.6) | 40.2 (9.8) | 0.005 | 0.98 | 0.96 – 0.99** |
| Married/Common law | 231 (38%) | 143 (38%) | 88 (39%) | 0.950 | 1.01 | 0.72–1.42 |
| Less than an Elementary school education | 266 (44%) | 173 (47%) | 93 (41%) | 0.181 | 0.80 | 0.57 – 1.11 |
| Speaks English (very well/well vs. not well/not at all) | 169 (28%) | 92 (25%) | 77 (33%) | 0.016 | 1.56 | 1.08 – 2.24** |
| Speaks (or family member speaks) indigenous language | 61 (10%) | 26 (7%) | 35 (15%) | 0.001 | 2.42 | 1.41 – 4.14*** |
| Physical Influence | ||||||
| Micro-Physical | ||||||
| Foreign-born | 19 (3%) | 14 (4%) | 5 (2%) | 0.289 | 0.57 | 0.20 – 1.61 |
| Born outside of Baja California | 497 (83%) | 304 (81%) | 193 (84%) | 0.322 | 1.25 | 0.80 – 1.95 |
| Mean years lived in Tijuana (SD) | 11.8 (14.2) | 12.5 (14.9) | 10.7 (13.1) | 0.368 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 |
| Ever arrested (Mexico or U.S.) | 395 (66%) | 211 (57%) | 184 (81%) | 0.001 | 3.21 | 2.17–4.72*** |
| Homelessa | 378 (63%) | 212 (57%) | 166 (73%) | 0.001 | 2.03 | 1.42 – 2.90*** |
| Works as street vendora | 131 (22%) | 71 (19%) | 60 (26%) | 0.036 | 1.52 | 1.03 – 2.25* |
| Macro-Physical | ||||||
| Ever assaulted/robbed in Mexico | 234 (39%) | 124 (33%) | 110 (48%) | 0.001 | 1.86 | 1.33–2.61*** |
| Has been threatened or harassed in Mexicoa | 105 (17%) | 34 (9%) | 71 (31%) | 0.001 | 4.51 | 2.87–7.07*** |
| Ever migrated to the U.S. | 458 (77%) | 269 (73%) | 189 (84%) | 0.003 | 1.87 | 1.24 – 2.82** |
| Ever deported from the U.S. | 343 (58%) | 191 (52%) | 152 (68%) | 0.001 | 1.91 | 1.36–2.68*** |
| Social Influence | ||||||
| Micro-Social | ||||||
| Ever used illicit drugs | 424 (71%) | 238 (64%) | 186 (82%) | 0.001 | 2.51 | 1.69–3.73*** |
| Used illicit drugs in past 6 months | 245 (41%) | 129 (35%) | 116 (51%) | 0.001 | 1.95 | 1.40 – 2.74*** |
| Ever injected drugs | 163 (27%) | 71 (19%) | 92 (40%) | 0.001 | 2.88 | 1.99–4.17*** |
| Injected drugs in past 6 months | 127 (21%) | 53 (14%) | 74 (32%) | 0.001 | 2.90 | 1.94–4.34*** |
| Ever traded sex | 134 (22%) | 65 (17%) | 69 (30%) | 0.001 | 2.06 | 1.40 – 3.04*** |
| Traded sex in past 6 months | 79 (13%) | 39 (10%) | 40 (18%) | 0.012 | 1.83 | 1.13 – 2.93** |
| Has ≥1 tattoo | 286 (48%) | 147 (39%) | 139 (61%) | 0.001 | 2.40 | 1.71–3.37*** |
| Macro-Social | ||||||
| Has felt rejected in Tijuanaa | 176 (29%) | 67 (18%) | 109 (48%) | 0.001 | 4.18 | 2.89–6.06*** |
| Has no friends/family in Tijuana | 198 (33%) | 114 (31%) | 84 (37%) | 0.112 | 1.33 | 0.94 – 1.88 |
| Economic Influence | ||||||
| Micro-Economic | ||||||
| Average monthly income ≥3500 pesos | 107 (18%) | 58 (16%) | 49 (21%) | 0.065 | 1.49 | 0.97 – 2.27 |
| Unemployeda | 177 (29%) | 113 (30%) | 64 (28%) | 0.562 | 0.90 | 0.62 – 1.29 |
| Macro-Economic | ||||||
| Has experienced barriers to employment in Tijuana | 339 (56%) | 184 (49%) | 155 (67%) | 0.001 | 2.18 | 1.55 – 3.08*** |
| Has experienced barriers to employment due to appearance (e.g., clothes, cleanliness) | 152 (25%) | 72 (19%) | 80 (35%) | 0.001 | 2.28 | 1.56–3.31*** |
| Has been denied employment in Tijuanaa | 241 (40%) | 112 (30%) | 129 (57%) | 0.001 | 3.04 | 2.15–4.28*** |
| Has been denied housing in Tijuanaa | 82 (14%) | 31 (8%) | 51 (22%) | 0.001 | 3.18 | 1.96–5.15*** |
| Policy Influence | ||||||
| Micro-Political | ||||||
| Does not have an official identification document | 270 (45%) | 149 (40%) | 121 (53%) | 0.002 | 1.71 | 1.22 – 2.38** |
*
p<0.05
**
p<0.01
***
p<0.001
a
Refers to past 6 months