Table 1.
Summary of the animal studies that have investigated the relationship between nephrinuria and glomerular injury
| Authors | Journal (Year)/PMID | Study subjects (sample size N) | Disease model | Method of urine | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nephrin assay | |||||
| Luimula et al. | Pediatric Research (2000)/11102543 | Sprague–Dawley rats | Puromycin aminoglycoside (PAN) induced nephrosis (Minimal change disease) Effacement and fusion of | Electrophoresis | 1. Animals treated with puromycin developed albuminuria starting at day 3, and reached maximum at day 6 |
| Control = 6 Study = 12 | 2. Nephrin can be detected among urinary proteins when the level of proteinuria exceeds 25 mg/mL | ||||
| Nakatsue et al. | Kidney Int. (2005)/15882266 | Wistar rats | Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (Heymann nephritis) | Electrophoresis (Western blot) | 1. Nephrin is excreted into urine in the early stages of nephritis |
| Control = 5 Study = 16 | |||||
| Sprague–Dawley rats Control = 3 Study = 3 | |||||
| Aaltonen et al. | Lab. Invest (2001)/11555666 | Wistar rats | Type 1 (Insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and Diabetic nephropathy | Electrophoresis | 1. Free nephrin was found in the urine of STZ-induced rats at 4 weeks and was at the maximum at 6 weeks |
| Control = 3 Study = 14 | |||||
| Non Obese diabetic mice | 2. Nephrin is connected to the early changes of diabetic nephropathy | ||||
| Control = 3 Study = 9 | |||||
| Alter et al. | Clin.Lab (2012)/22997966 | Wistar rats | Streptozotocin (STZ) induced Diabetes Mellitus and diabetic nephropathy | ELISA (USCN Life Sci. Inc. Burlington, NC, USA) | 1. Nephrinuria detected prior to albuminuria and renal impairment. |
| Control = 9 Study = 14 | 2. This biomarker offer an advantage to urinary albumin with respect to early detection | ||||
| Chang et al. | Plos One (2012)/22496773 | Akita mice | Type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy | ELISA (Exocell, Philadelphia, PA) | 1. Urinary nephrin excretion is associated with kidney injury and is detectable early in the disease process. |
| Control = 8 Study = 8 | 2. Onset of hyperglycemia associated with nephrinuria | ||||
| 3. Nephrinuria rate has a positive correlation with albuminuria | |||||
| O’Brien et al. | J of Diabetic Research (2013)/Not available | Mice | Obesity, Type 2 diabetes | ELISA (Exocell, Philadelphia, PA) | 1. Nephrinuria correlates with albuminuria |
| Control = 12 Study = 12 |