Table 2.
Summary of the human studies
| Authors | Journal (Year)/PMID | Study sample size | Clinical condition | Method of urine | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nephrin assay | |||||
| Patari et al. | Diabetes (2003)/14633858 | Control = 29 | Diabetic Nephropathy | Electrophoresis (Western blot) | 1. Nephrinuria was present in 30% of normoalbuminuric, 17% of microalbuminuric, 28% of macroalbuminuric, |
| Study = 120 | 2. None of the control subjects was nephrinuric. | ||||
| Wang et al. | Nephron Clin Pract. (2007)/17596726 | Control = 9 | Diabetic nephropathy | mRNA RT-PCR | 1. Nephrinuria higher in patients with diabetic nephropathy compared to control. |
| Study = 21 | 2. Nephrinuria correlated with proteinuria | ||||
| Ng et al. | Nephrol. Dial.Transplant (2011)/21196468 | Study = 381 | Diabetic nephropathy | Electrophoresis (Western blot) | 1. Each Nephrin fragment was associated with a decline in eGFR |
| 2. Nephrinuria was strongly associated with the urine albumin/creatinine ratio | |||||
| 3. Nephrinuria was significantly associated with lower eGFR even among normoalbuminuric patients (ACR ≤30 mg/g) | |||||
| Jim et al. | PLoS ONE (2012)/22615747 | Control = 12 | Diabetic nephropathy | ELISA (Exocell, Philadelphia, PA) | 1. Nephrinuria preceded microalbumniuria |
| Study = 15 | 2. Nephrinuria detected in all diabetic patients with micro and macroalbuminuria | ||||
| 3. Nephrinuria also correlated significantly with albuminuria and systolic blood pressure | |||||
| 4. Correlated negatively with serum albumin and eGFR | |||||
| do Nascimento et al. | BMC Nephrol.(2013)/24103534 | Control = 15 | Diabetic Nephropathy | mRNA RT-PCR | 1. Normoalbuniuric diabetics showed increased urinary nephrin compared to control group |
| Study = 67 | 2. Nephrinuria correlated with diabetic nephropathy stages | ||||
| Petrica et al. | *Nephrology Dialy.Transpl (2014)/NA | Control = 11 | Diabetic nephropathy | NA | 1. Urine albumin creatinine ratio correlates with nephrinuria |
| Study = 70 | 2. Increased levels of urinary nephrin in normoalbuminuric and microalbuniuruc patients | ||||
| Wang et al. | J Rheumatol (2007)/17985404 | Control = 17 | Systemic Lupus Errythematosus (SLE) | mRNA RT-PCR | 1. Nephrinuria higher in patients SLE nephritis |
| Study = 32 | 2. Nephrinuria correlated with proteinuria | ||||
| 3. Nephrinuria level correlated with severity of SLE disease activity | |||||
| Tchebotareva et al. | *Nephrology Dialy.Transpl (2012)/NA | Study = 74 | Glomerulonephritis | ELISA | 1. Nephrinuria correlated with proteinuria and severity of GN |
| 2. Immunosuppressive therapy lowers nephrinuria levels | |||||
| Proletov et al. | *Nephrology Dialy.Transpl (2014)/NA | Study = 71 | Glomerulonephritis | ELISA | 1. Nephrinuria correlated with daily proteinuria |
| 2. Nephrinuria and proteinuria lowest excretion in patients treated with Cyclosporine. | |||||
| Mehta et al. | *AJKD (2012)/NA | Control = 14 | Preeclampsia | ELISA (Exocell, Philadelphia, PA) | 1. Urine nephrin to creatinine ratio (UNCR) are predictive of preeclampsia in second trimester of pregnancy |
| Study = 67 | |||||
| Wang et al. | Am J Physiol Renal Physiol (2012)/22301621 | Control = 8 | Preeclampsia | ELISA (Exocell, Philadelphia, PA) | 1. Urinary Nephrin and podocalyxin concentrations were significantly increased and highly correlated with each other in preeclampsia |
| Study = 26 | 2. Nephrin and podocalyxin were also correlated with urine protein concentrations in preeclampsia | ||||
| 3. Nephrin undetectable in normal pregnancy | |||||
| Son et al. | Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. (2013)/23116596 | Control = 30 | Preeclampsia | ELISA (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) | 1. Nephrin was significantly higher in women with severe pre-eclampsia |
| Study = 43 | 2. Positive correlation between urinary nephrin and urine protein level | ||||
| 3. Urine nephrin concentrations correlated with diastolic blood pressure and serum creatinine levels in the severe pre-eclamptic group | |||||
| Jim et al. | PLoS ONE (2014)/25010746 | Control = 13 | Preeclampsia | ELISA (Exocell, Philadelphia, PA) | 1. Alb/Cr ratio had a high specificity (96%). All three biomarkers exhibited poor positive predictive values (14–62%) but acceptable negative predictive values (89–91%). |
| Study = 78 |
mRNA RT-PCR: Messenger Ribonucleic acid Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction; ACR = Albumin creatinine ratio; *- Conference abstract.