Levels of IL1β (A), IL6 (B), IL8 (C), and IL10 (D) in the conditioned media of mesenchymal stem cells cultured on TCPS, PEEK, sTiAlV, or mmnTiAlV. *P < 0.05 versus TCPS; †P < 0.05 versus PEEK; ‡P < 0.05 versus sTiAlV. TCPS indicates tissue culture polystyrene; PEEK, poly-ether-ether-ketone; sTiAlV, smooth titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy; mmnTiAlV, macro-/micro-/nano-textured rough TiAlV.