Table 3.
Internalized and Anticipated Stigma as Independent Predictors of Health-Related Outcomes Among People with HIV who Inject Drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia and Kohtla-Järve, Estonia
| St. Petersburg Sample | Depression (n = 377) | Subjective Health Rating (n = 376) | Low CD4 Counta (Logit) (n = 194) | Symptom Count (n = 376) | Regular HIV Care (Logit) (n = 374) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | SE | p | Slope | SE | p | Slope | SE | p | Slope | SE | p | Slope | SE | p | |
| Internalized Drug Stigma | 0.10 0.12 |
0.05 0.06 |
.036 | −4.49 −0.31 |
0.88 0.06 |
<.001 | 0.92 0.89 |
0.25 0.24 |
<.001 | 0.80 0.34 |
0.13 0.05 |
<.001 | −0.44 −0.44 |
0.16 0.16 |
.006 |
| Internalized HIV Stigma | 0.06 0.07 |
0.05 0.06 |
.24 | −0.74 −0.05 |
0.97 0.07 |
.45 | −0.04 −0.04 |
0.25 0.24 |
.87 | 0.30 0.12 |
0.14 0.06 |
.041 | −0.85 −0.85 |
0.18 0.18 |
<.001 |
| Anticipated Drug Stigma | 0.29 0.19 |
0.08 0.05 |
<.001 | 0.92 0.04 |
1.46 0.06 |
.52 | −0.59 −0.34 |
0.39 0.22 |
.13 | 0.85 0.21 |
0.22 0.05 |
<.001 | 0.17 0.10 |
0.27 0.16 |
.54 |
| Anticipated HIV Stigma | 0.28 0.21 |
0.08 0.06 |
<.001 | 0.99 0.05 |
1.40 0.06 |
.48 | 0.64 0.45 |
0.37 0.26 |
.078 | 0.60 0.16 |
0.21 0.06 |
.006 | −0.29 −0.20 |
0.26 0.17 |
.26 |
| Kohtla-Järve Sampleb | Depression (n = 282) | Subjective Health Rating (n = 280) | Low CD4 Counta (Logit) (n = 143) | Symptom Count (n = 283) | Regular HIV Care (Logit) (n = 283) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slope | SE | p | Slope | SE | p | Slope | SE | p | Slope | SE | p | Slope | SE | p | |
| Internalized Drug Stigma | 0.02 0.01 |
0.10 0.08 |
.87 | −0.61 −0.03 |
1.77 0.08 |
.73 | −0.36 −0.28 |
0.33 0.25 |
.28 | −0.01 −0.00 |
0.22 0.08 |
.97 | 0.15 0.11 |
0.26 0.20 |
.56 |
| Internalized HIV Stigma | −0.17 −0.15 |
0.09 0.08 |
.067 | 1.41 0.07 |
1.63 0.08 |
.39 | 0.01 0.01 |
0.30 0.26 |
.97 | −0.07 −0.03 |
0.20 0.08 |
.75 | −0.33 −0.27 |
0.24 0.20 |
.17 |
| Anticipated Drug Stigma | 0.29 0.15 |
0.14 0.08 |
.044 | 0.07 0.00 |
2.56 0.08 |
.98 | −0.09 −0.04 |
0.47 0.24 |
.86 | −0.14 −0.03 |
0.32 0.08 |
.66 | 0.68 0.33 |
0.39 0.19 |
.078 |
| Anticipated HIV Stigma | 0.07 0.04 |
0.14 0.08 |
.60 | −2.45 −0.08 |
2.51 0.08 |
.33 | 0.24 0.13 |
0.47 0.25 |
.61 | 0.17 0.04 |
0.31 0.08 |
.58 | −0.53 −0.27 |
0.37 0.19 |
.16 |
Note. Estimates are drawn from models including all four stigma variables simultaneously, as well as participant gender, age, education category, financial difficulty category, recent frequency of drug use, and years since first drug use (see Table 1). Italicized slopes stem from models featuring standardized versions of predictors (and, for linear models, standardized versions of each outcome variable).
Low CD4 count was defined as below 350. Fitting a linear regression model predicting numeric CD4 counts did not alter the outcomes of hypothesis tests reported in this table.
In the Estonian sample, all models were separately fit with an additional covariate indicating whether the participant was involved in an opioid substitution program; this covariate did not alter the outcomes of any of the hypothesis tests reported above. A similar covariate could not be included in the Russian sample because substitution treatment is illegal in Russia.