Table 1. Clinical characteristics and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity at baseline and at the 3-year follow-up.
| Control (n = 59) | Overweight (n = 59) | P a | P b | P c | P d | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | |||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.8±0.21 | 22.3±0.43 | 27.0±0.20 | 27.9±0.54 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Waist (cm) | 80.5±0.79 | 80.9±0.81 | 86.8±0.73 | 90.3±0.79*** | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Change | 0.37±0.80 | 3.42±0.79 | 0.008 | <0.001 | ||||
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.89±0.01 | 0.88±0.01 | 0.91±0.01 | 0.93±0.01** | 0.040 | <0.001 | ||
| Change | -0.01±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.010 | <0.001 | ||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 115.9±1.70 | 116.3±1.93 | 119.5±1.68 | 125.1±1.79** | 0.138 | 0.001 | ||
| Change | 0.34±1.50 | 5.59±1.70 | 0.022 | 0.003 | ||||
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 71.5±1.44 | 71.5±1.52 | 73.4±1.18 | 76.5±1.38** | 0.311 | 0.016 | ||
| Change | 0.07±1.34 | 3.17±1.15 | 0.081 | 0.026 | ||||
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) ∮ | 87.5±6.26 | 83.9±6.07 | 141.3±10.3 | 172.1±12.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Change | -3.66±4.60 | 30.8±7.68 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Total-cholesterol (mg/dL) ∮ | 190.6±4.63 | 189.1±4.08 | 191.3±4.52 | 198.3±4.94 | 0.914 | 0.189 | ||
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) ∮ | 117.6±4.53 | 119.1±3.83 | 117.6±4.32 | 118.5±4.91 | 0.985 | 0.602 | ||
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) ∮ | 55.5±1.99 | 53.3±2.09 | 45.4±1.54 | 45.4±1.43 | <0.001 | 0.005 | ||
| Free fatty acid (uEq/L) ∮ | 555.6±39.2 | 508.8±28.5 | 624.1±34.7 | 824.7±39.6*** | 0.039 | <0.001 | ||
| Change | -46.9±41.5 | 200.6±30.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) ∮ | 89.8±1.23 | 89.8±0.97 | 95.4±1.29 | 97.0±1.54 | 0.002 | <0.001 | ||
| Change | -0.07±1.28 | 1.62±1.08 | 0.315 | 0.010 | ||||
| Insulin (uIU/mL) ∮ | 8.19±0.42 | 7.92±0.32 | 10.0±0.53 | 11.6±0.64** | 0.004 | <0.001 | ||
| Change | -0.27±0.39 | 1.41±0.42 | 0.004 | <0.001 | ||||
| HOMA-IR ∮ | 1.85±0.11 | 1.77±0.08 | 2.38±0.14 | 2.79±0.17** | 0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Change | -0.08±0.10 | 0.37±0.11 | 0.004 | <0.001 | ||||
| hs-CRP (mg/dL) ∮ | 1.03±0.30 | 0.67±0.10 | 1.14±0.17 | 1.66±0.54 | 0.020 | 0.080 | ||
| Change | -0.35±0.31 | 0.56±0.58 | 0.161 | 0.016 | ||||
| baPWV (cm/sec) ∮ | 2560.6±46.1 | 2514.5±47.0 | 2608.1±43.3 | 2735.1±57.2*** | 0.421 | 0.004 | ||
| Change | -46.1±24.7 | 127.0±29.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Mean ±SE.
∮tested by logarithmic transformation, P a-values derived from independent t-test in baseline. P b-values derived from independent t-test in follow-up. P c-values derived from independent t-test in change value. P d-values derived from independent t-test in change value after adjustment for baseline.
*P<0.05,
**P<0.01,
***P<0.001 derived from paired t-test.