Table 2.

Risk factors for pneumococcal disease

All adults 65 and older

Symptomatic or asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus

Chronic lung disease (COPD, emphysema, and asthma)

Chronic cardiovascular diseases

Diabetes mellitus

Chronic renal failure

Nephrotic syndrome

Chronic liver disease (including cirrhosis)

Alcoholism

Cochlear implants

Cerebrospinal fluid leaks

Immunocompromising conditions

Functional or anatomic asplenia

Residents of nursing homes or long-term care facilities

Smokers

COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.