Figure 2.

PACAP increased the promoter activities of cAMP responsive element and activated cAMP responsive element binding protein. (a) The promoter activities of cAMP responsive element were measured within podocytes in the presence or absence of PACAP. ^* P < 0.05; ^** P < 0.01; experiments were repeated at least six times and bars represented mean ± SD. (b) Podocytes were treated with different concentrations of PACAP as indicated in figure for 1 h. Then cells were lysed and subjected to western blot analysis for phospho-CREB (normalized in all cases to total CREB). ^* P < 0.05 versus control. Experiments were repeated at least three times and bars represented mean ± SD.