Table 2.
Pressure pain threshold (PPT) values from the assessed structures.
| Group | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Healthy control | Knee OA | Mean difference | CI (95%) | P | Cohen's d | |||||
| Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Lower | Upper | ||||
| Vastus M | 6.00 | 2.08 | 48 | 3.30 | 1.81 | 53 | 2.70 | 1.93 | 3.47 | <0.001 | 1.38 |
| Adductor L | 4.97 | 2.20 | 48 | 2.73 | 1.44 | 53 | 2.24 | 1.51 | 2.97 | <0.001 | 1.21 |
| Rectus fem | 7.44 | 2.29 | 48 | 4.19 | 2.18 | 53 | 3.25 | 2.37 | 4.13 | <0.001 | 1.45 |
| Vastus L | 6.13 | 2.09 | 48 | 3.47 | 2.10 | 53 | 2.66 | 1.83 | 3.49 | <0.001 | 1.27 |
| Tibialis ant | 7.43 | 2.53 | 48 | 4.04 | 2.10 | 53 | 3.39 | 2.48 | 4.31 | <0.001 | 1.46 |
| Peroneus | 7.40 | 2.33 | 48 | 4.21 | 2.96 | 53 | 3.19 | 2.13 | 4.25 | <0.001 | 1.20 |
| Gracilis | 5.97 | 2.47 | 48 | 2.82 | 1.89 | 53 | 3.15 | 2.28 | 4.01 | <0.001 | 1.43 |
| Iliopsoas | 6.45 | 3.36 | 48 | 3.50 | 1.34 | 53 | 2.95 | 1.96 | 3.95 | <0.001 | 1.15 |
| Quadratus L | 6.86 | 2.04 | 48 | 4.10 | 1.86 | 53 | 2.77 | 2.00 | 3.54 | <0.001 | 1.42 |
| Pes anserinus | 5.40 | 2.49 | 48 | 2.75 | 2.01 | 53 | 2.65 | 1.76 | 3.55 | <0.001 | 1.17 |
| Popliteus | 7.05 | 2.36 | 48 | 3.87 | 2.20 | 53 | 3.18 | 2.28 | 4.08 | <0.001 | 1.39 |
| Lig L1-L2 | 7.98 | 3.12 | 48 | 4.46 | 2.07 | 53 | 3.52 | 2.48 | 4.55 | <0.001 | 1.33 |
| Lig L2-L3 | 8.38 | 3.11 | 48 | 4.37 | 2.21 | 53 | 4.01 | 2.95 | 5.06 | <0.001 | 1.49 |
| Lig L3-L4 | 8.09 | 3.10 | 48 | 4.58 | 2.31 | 53 | 3.51 | 2.44 | 4.58 | <0.001 | 1.29 |
| Lig L4-L5 | 8.29 | 2.89 | 48 | 4.64 | 2.10 | 53 | 3.65 | 2.66 | 4.64 | <0.001 | 1.44 |
| Lig L5-S1 | 8.70 | 2.98 | 48 | 4.42 | 2.27 | 53 | 4.28 | 3.24 | 5.32 | <0.001 | 1.62 |
| Lig S1-S2 | 8.72 | 3.21 | 48 | 4.90 | 2.81 | 53 | 3.82 | 2.63 | 5.01 | <0.001 | 1.27 |
| PRL1 | 3.79 | 2.11 | 48 | 2.39 | 3.45 | 53 | 1.40 | 0.25 | 2.54 | <0.001 | 0.40 |
| PRL2 | 3.67 | 1.83 | 48 | 1.77 | 1.33 | 53 | 1.90 | 1.27 | 2.53 | <0.001 | 1.19 |
| PRL3 | 4.26 | 1.74 | 48 | 2.01 | 1.34 | 53 | 2.25 | 1.64 | 2.86 | <0.001 | 1.45 |
| PRL4 | 5.58 | 2.17 | 48 | 2.95 | 1.77 | 53 | 2.63 | 1.85 | 3.41 | <0.001 | 1.33 |
| PRL5 | 5.09 | 1.98 | 48 | 2.47 | 1.58 | 53 | 2.62 | 1.92 | 3.33 | <0.001 | 1.46 |
| PR S1 | 5.51 | 1.59 | 48 | 3.02 | 1.59 | 53 | 2.50 | 1.87 | 3.12 | <0.001 | 1.57 |
| PR S2 | 4.80 | 1.92 | 48 | 2.77 | 1.49 | 53 | 2.03 | 1.35 | 2.70 | <0.001 | 1.18 |
OA: osteoarthritis; Vastus M: vastus medialis; Adductor L: adductor longus; Rectus fem: rectus femoris; Vastus L: vastus lateralis; Tibialis ant: tibialis anterior.
PR: pinch and roll maneuver; Lig: supraspinous ligaments; Quad L: quadratus lumborum; L: lumbar; S: sacral.
SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; N: number; P: probability of significance.