Table 5.

Stepwise multiple linear regression models for IL-6 and TNF-α and age, VAS, WOMAC pain subscale, WOMAC rigidity subscale, WOMAC physical activity subscale, and pressure pain threshold values (in kg/cm²) in 24 studies structures.

IL-6 (pg/mL)	R 2	0.186	P
Independent variables	Estimated parameter	Standard error
(Constant)	0.961	0.125	<0.000
WOMAC rigidity	0.157	0.034	<0.000
VAS L	0.050	0.019	0.012
TNF-α (pg/mL)	R 2	0.244	P
Independent variables	Estimated parameter	Standard error
(Constant)	0.356	0.189	0.062
Pes anserinus	0.167	0.033	0.000
VAS	0.049	0.018	0.007
Ligaments L1-L2	−0.059	0.027	0.032

L: left.