Table 5.
Summary of cost and fuel price parameters (2011) in five European countries
| Sweden | France | Italy | Slovakia | Spain | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cost parameters | ||||||
| Delivered feedstock price (€/odt)a | 33.3 | 75.6 | 34.3 | 83.8 | 57.0 | [47–50] |
| Landfill tax (€/tonne) | 62.5 | 20.0 | 86.5 | 1.7 | 32.7 | [51] |
| Electricity creditb (€/kWh) | 0.033c | 0.13d | 0.25d | 0.12d | 0.13d | [52] |
| Income tax | 26.3% | 34.4% | 27.5% | 19.0% | 30.0% | [53] |
| Labor ratio | 1.95 | 1.70 | 1.33 | 0.42 | 1.02 | [45, 46] |
| Fuel price parameters 2011 (€/l) | ||||||
| Euro Super-95 pump price in 2011 | 1.543 | 1.498 | 1.551 | 1.443 | 1.317 | [32] |
| Fuel excise tax | 0.612 | 0.611 | 0.622 | 0.551 | 0.425 | [32] |
| Value-added tax (VAT) | 25% | 19.6% | 21% | 20% | 18% | [32] |
| Bioethanol support policy | Fully exempt | Partially exempt (€0.14/l) | Not exempt | Fully exempt | Exempt from hydrocarbon tax but not VAT, and subject to an indirect tax on the retail sales of certain hydrocarbons (additional national €0.024/l and regional rate of €0.024/l) | [2, 32, 33, 54] |
aIncludes a transportation distance of approximately 50 km [55] (Odt, oven-dry tonne).
bCredit refers to the amount that renewable electricity generators can receive from selling their excess electricity to the grid or other suppliers and/or distributors.
cPrice of electricity certificate given to renewable electricity producers per MWh of electricity generated.
dElectricity from renewable sources is promoted through a price regulation system based on a fixed feed-in tariff.