Table 1.

Description of the variables included in the statistical analyses.

ICF	Variable	Standardized assessment or question and further information
Personal factors	Age	Self-reported, confirmed by national register, 75–93 years
	Educational level	Three levels: 1 = ≤6 years, 2 = 7–9 years, 3 = ≥10 years
	Experienced falls	Self-reported fall events in the past year: 0 = no falls, 1 = 1 fall, 2 = ≥2 falls
	Experienced fractures	Self-reported fractures in the past 5 years: 0 = no fractures, 1 = 1 fracture, 2 = ≥2 fractures
	Perceived confidence of one's balance	Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale [37]: 0–100 %: higher score indicates more self-reported balance confidence in 16 daily activities of greater or lesser challenge during position changes or walking
	Eating habits	Mini Nutritional Assessment [60]: 0–30 points: higher score indicates better self-reported nutritional status
	Emotional distress/ depressive symptoms	Geriatric Depression Scale 15 items [61]: (0–15 points): scores ≥5 points indicate depression might be present
	Other health conditions/comorbidities	Twenty self-reported comorbidities that might cause fall events: arthritis, stroke, Parkinson's disease, diabetes mellitus, lung diseases, heart diseases, cancer, hypertension, inflammatory bowel syndromes, thyroid disease, anaemia, B-vitamin deficiency, kidney diseases, epilepsy, depression, eye diseases, osteoarthritis in knees or feet, normal pressure hydrocephalus, polyneuropathy, leg ulcers
Environmental factors	Residence	Self-reported: 1 = cottage/bungalow, 2 = apartment, 3 = senior living/sheltered housing
	Living circumstances	Self-reported: 0 = living with another person(s), 1 = living alone
	Walking device	Self-reported: 0 = no device, 1 = use device indoors or outdoors
	Medication	Prescription drugs considered to be fall risk factors (calcium preparations, potassium sparing diuretics, oxicams, anilides, anxiolytics and hypnotics [benzodiazepine derivatives], and thiazides): 0 = no drugs, 1 = one risk drug, 2 = ≥2 risk drugs
	Clothing	Foot wear at home: 0 = shoes, 1 = slippers, 2 = bare feet or socks
	Attitude of others	Response to question: “Do you think somebody else is afraid that you might fall?”: 0 = no, 1 = I don't know, 2 = yes
Body function and structure	Bone mineral density	Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at hip and spine [36]: 0 = normal bone density, 1 = osteopenia, 2 = osteoporosis
	Dual-task cost in step width, counting backwards	A change in step width of 3.6 mm or more while counting backwards predicts falls [35]: 0 = ≤3.6 mm, 1 = >3.6 mm
	Dual-task cost in step width, carrying an object	A change in step width of 3.7 mm or less while carrying an object predicts falls [35]: 0 = ≥3.7 mm, 1 = <3.7 mm
	Trail Making Test B	Interval scale (time in seconds): higher score indicates slower performance [62]
	Attentional functions	Response to questions: “Do you need to think about being careful when walking:… indoors?… outdoors in the summer when on even ground?… on uneven ground?… during the winter on snowy ground?”: 0 = never/rarely, 1 = sometimes, 2 = often/always
	Cognitive state	Mini Mental State Examination [63], 0–30 points, higher score indicates better cognitive function
	Dizziness	For any reason: 0 = yes, 1 = no
	Sensation of falling	Response to questions “Do you feel unsteady when walking indoors?” and “… outdoors?”: 0 = never/rarely, 1 = sometimes, 2 = often/always
	Sensory functions: Visual acuity [64]	1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = fair, 4 = poor
	Visual contrast [64]	1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = fair, 4 = poor
	Hearing, subjective	Self-reported: 0 = normal, 1 = impaired
	Hearing, objective	As perceived by trained assessor using normal speaking tone: 0 = normal, 1 = impaired
	Touch	Monofilament 5.07 on sole of feet and lateral malleolus: 0 = normal, 1 = impaired
	Proprioception	Protractor placed between lower limbs, impaired if degrees differed between the positions of left and right big toes with eyes closed and feet up, mean of 5 trials: 1 = good, <2 degrees, 2 = between 2–4 degrees, 3 = impaired, >4 degrees
	Vibration	128 Hz tuning fork at lateral malleolus and tibial tuberosity: 0 = normal, 1 = impaired
Activity and Participation	Activities of Daily Living	Barthel Index [65], ordinal scale (0–20 points), higher score indicates higher level of independence
	Basic mobility	Timed Up and Go [66], interval scale (time in seconds): higher score indicates slower performance in standing up, walking 3 m, walking back and sitting down
	Activity avoidance	Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Older [38], ordinal scale (17–51 points): higher score indicates greater avoidant behaviour
	Maintaining upright position	Standing balance [67], ordinal scale (0–4 points): 0 = standing < 10 s with feet together, 1 = standing ≥10 s with feet together, 2 = standing in semi-tandem-position ≥10 s, 3 = standing in tandem-position 3–9.99 s, 4 = standing in tandem-position ≥10 s
	Changing position	5 x Sit-to-Stand [68], interval scale (time in seconds): higher score equals a slower performance in standing up and sitting down
	Walking	Gait speed over 2.4 m [67], normal speed, interval scale (time in seconds): higher score indicates slower performance in walking straight forward
	Physical activity level (habitual)	Self-reported [69], ordinal scale: 1 = hardly any activity, 2 = sitting down most of the time, 3 = light physical activity, 4 = strenuous physical activity approximately 1–2 h every week, 5 = strenuous physical activity at least 3 h every week
Non-definable	Self-rated health	Response to the question: “In general, would you say your health is excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?”, ordinal scale: 1 = excellent, 2 = very good, 3 = good, 4 = fair, 5 = poor