Table 3.
Antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from invasive neonatal infections in developing countries (2000-May 2014)
| Study, year | Location, setting | Pathogen | Resistant% (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penicillin/ampicillin | Gentamicin | 3rd generation cephalosporins | % ESBL* | |||
| Mugalu et al. [15] | Uganda, urban | 17 E. coli † , ‡ | 100§ | 29 (7–51) | 6 (0–17) | -- |
| 2002 | 7 Group B Streptococcus † | 14 (0–40) | 57 (20–94) | -- | NA | |
| Gray et al. [29] | Malawi, urban | 57 Group B Streptococcus † | 0§ | -- | 0§ | NA |
| 2004-2005 | ||||||
| Shitaye et al. [19] | Ethiopia, urban | 30 S. aureus | 67% (50–84) resistance to meticillin | NA | ||
| 2006-2007 | ||||||
| Talbert et al. [24] | Kenya, rural | 48 Acinetobacter spp.†, || | 56 (42–70) | 27 (14–39) | 35 (22–48) | -- |
| 2001-2009 | 49 K. pneumoniae † | 96 (91–100) | 49 (35–63) | 43 (29–57) | -- | |
| 39 S. pyogenes † | 0§ | -- | -- | -- | ||
| 41 E. coli † | 78 (65–91) | 10 (1–19) | 17 (5–29) | -- | ||
| 55 S. aureus † | 0% resistance to meticillin§ | NA | ||||
| Mhada et al. | Tanzania, urban | 22 Klebsiella spp. || | 100§ | 77 (57–90) | 18 (7–39) | -- |
| 2009-2010 | 41 E. coli | 93 (69–99) | 43 (21-67 | 14 (4–40) | -- | |
| Kruse et al. [30] | Vietnam, urban | 78 Klebsiella spp. †,|| | 100§ | 85 (75–91) | 86 (76–92), 71 (60–79) ¶ | -- |
| 2009-2010 | 58 Acinetobacter spp. †,|| | 85 (73–92) | 50 (38–62) | 82 (71–80), 71 (58–81) ¶ | -- | |
| 21 E. coli † | 86 (65–95) | 57 (37–76) | 58 (37–76), 42 (24–63) ¶ | -- | ||
| 16 Enterobacter spp. †,|| | 93 (72–99) | 62 (39–82) | 62 (39–82), 50 (28–72) ¶ | -- | ||
| 6 Pseudomonas spp. †,|| | 100§ | 48 (19–81) | 83 (44–97) ,33 (10–70) ¶ | -- | ||
| 11 S. Aureus † | 55% (28–79) resistance to meticillin | |||||
| Jain et al. [26] | India, urban | 86 Klebsiella spp. || | 100§ | 89 (82–96) | 63 (53–73), 49 (38–60) ¶ | 87 (80–94) |
| 2001-2002 | 80 Enterobacter spp. || | 100§ | 93 (87–99) | 64 (53–75), 54 (43–65) ¶ | 73 (63–83) | |
| 49 E. coli | 96 (91–100) | 90 (72–98) | 65 (52–78), 41 (27–55) ¶ | 65 (52–78) | ||
| Zakariya et al. [25] | India, urban | 33 K. pneumoniae † | -- | 100§ | 97(85–99), 97(85–99) ¶ | 32 (20–50) |
| 2004-2006 | ||||||
| Mir et al. [28] | Pakistan, urban | 52 Pseudomonas spp. †,|| | -- | 0§ | -- | -- |
| 2004-2007 | 12 Klebsiella spp†,|| | -- | 8 (0–23) | 8 (0–23) | -- | |
| 9 E. coli † | -- | 0§ | 11 (0–31) | -- | ||
| 304 S. aureus † | 4% (2–6) resistance to meticillin | |||||
| Gyawali et al. [12] | Nepal, urban | 82 Enterobacteriacea ? | 94 (87–97) | 70 (59–78) | 83 (73–90), 79 (69–87), 87 (78–92) ¶ | -- |
| 2009-2010 | 21 Pseudomonas spp. || | -- | 37 (21–59) | 47 (28–68), 71 (50–86), 67 (45–82) ¶ | -- | |
| 30 Acinetobacer spp. || | -- | 56 (39–73) | 53 (36–70), 65 (46–78), 73 (56–86) ¶ | -- | ||
| Shresta et al. [20] | Nepal, urban | 8 K. pneumoniae | 38 (14–69) | 0§ | -- | -- |
| 2011-2012 | ||||||
| Macharashvili et al. [14] | Georgia, urban | 45 Klebsiella spp. †,‡, || | 98 (94–100) | 11 (2–20) | 16 (5–27), 18 (7–29) ¶ | -- |
| 2003-2004 | 11 E. coli †,‡ | 55 (26–84) | 18 (0–41) | 9 (0–26), 9 (0–26) ¶ | -- | |
| 15 S. aureus | 40% (15–65) resistance to meticillin | |||||
*Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase.
†Results were presented for sensitivity, resistance calculated as 100 minus% sensitive.
‡Penicillin results based on amoxicillin.
§Calculation of a CI was impossible.
||Pathogens marked spp. means no further characterization was presented.
¶Multiple 3GCs were tested.