Table 5. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) of colorectal cancer according to quartiles of choline and betaine intake.
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Ptrend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total choline | |||||
| No. Cases/Controls | 360/222 | 220/223 | 188/223 | 122/222 | |
| Crude OR (95%CI) | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.47–0.78) | 0.52 (0.40–0.67) | 0.34 (0.26–0.45) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) a | 1.00 | 0.57 (0.44–0.74) | 0.48 (0.36–0.63) | 0.31 (0.23–0.42) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) b | 1.00 | 0.51 (0.38–0.69) | 0.43 (0.31–0.58) | 0.29 (0.20–0.40) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) d | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.45–0.83) | 0.63 (0.45–0.88) | 0.54 (0.37–0.80) | <0.01 |
| Betaine | |||||
| No. Cases/Controls | 296/223 | 204/221 | 197/224 | 193/222 | |
| Crude OR (95%CI) | 1.00 | 0.70 (0.54–0.90) | 0.66 (0.51–0.86) | 0.65 (0.51–0.85) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) a | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.51–0.89) | 0.66 (0.50–0.87) | 0.63 (0.50–0.87) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) c | 1.00 | 0.63 (0.46–0.85) | 0.55 (0.41–0.76) | 0.58 (0.42–0.79) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) e | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) | 0.74 (0.53–1.02) | 0.92 (0.65–1.29) | 0.56 |
| Total choline+betaine | |||||
| No. Cases/Controls | 314/222 | 205/223 | 184/223 | 187/222 | |
| Crude OR (95%CI) | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.50–0.84) | 0.58 (0.45–0.76) | 0.60 (0.46–0.77) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) a | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.50–0.85) | 0.58 (0.44–0.77) | 0.59 (0.44–0.77) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) b | 1.00 | 0.59 (0.44–0.80) | 0.49 (0.36–0.66) | 0.54 (0.39–0.74) | <0.01 |
| Adjusted OR (95%CI) d | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.52–0.98) | 0.69 (0.50–0.95) | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 0.46 |
a Odds ratio was adjusted for age (continuous), sex (men/women), residence (urban/rural), marital status (married/other), education (primary school or blow/secondary school/high school/college or above), income level (<2,000/2,001–5,000/5,001–8,000/>8,001), occupation (white collar worker/blue collar worker/farmer or other), family history of cancer (yes/no), smoking status (current/never or past), passive smoking (yes/no), alcohol drinking (yes/no), degree of physical activity (less active/moderate active/more active), BMI (continuous).
b Odds ratio was adjusted for the various above confounders and red meat (continuous), fish (continuous).
c Odds ratio was adjusted for the various above confounders and red meat (continuous), fish (continuous), beans (continuous).
d Odds ratio was adjusted for the various above confounders in b and folate intake (continuous).
e Odds ratio was adjusted for the various above confounders in c and folate intake (continuous).