Figure 6.

Antibiotics remove NOD2^−/−-associated dysbiosis contributing to insulin resistance

• A Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) performed on pairwise unweighted UniFrac distances in HFD-fed mice shows a strong antibiotic effect (PCoA1: 28%) and a strong similarity within donors and recipients (R) from the microbiota transfer experiment into germ-free mice (PCoA2: 16%). All mice were fed a HFD, each small dot is a mouse, and the most abundant bacterial genus are labeled and superimposed on the same PCoA plot. The size of the sphere representing a taxon is proportional to the mean relative abundance of the taxon across all samples.
• B Alpha diversity represented by the Shannon index (n ≥ 5/group), *P = 0.03 and **P = 0.0001.
• C Average relative abundance of the major genus in the cecum of each group of mice (n ≥ 5/group).
• D, E Impact of antibiotics (ATB) on relative population of Lactococcus genus and Lachnospiraceae family in all mice (E) (n ≥ 10/group), *P = 0.0001.
• F, G Body mass (F) and fasting blood glucose (G) in 16 week HFD-fed WT and NOD2^−/− mice without (CON) or with ATB in the drinking water for the final 4 weeks of the HFD (n ≥ 5/group), *P = 0.04, **P = 0.0008, and ^#P = 0.004.
• H, I Percentage change in fasting blood glucose (H) and AUC during GTTs (I) that was induced by ATB in HFD-fed WT and NOD2^−/− mice (n ≥ 5/group), *P = 0.04 and **P = 0.005.

Data information: *Significantly different from HFD-fed WT mice: ^#Significantly different from HFD-fed NOD2^−/− CON mice (without ATB). An unpaired t-test was used for comparisons with two conditions, whereas a 1-way ANOVA was used for comparisons with more than two conditions. Tukey's post-hoc test was used. Values are mean ± SEM.