Table 2. Comparison of aging-related systemic manifestations and telomere length in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smokers without COPD, and nonsmokers.
| Adjustment | Nonsmokers | Smokers without COPD | COPD patients | P value † | P value * | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S vs NS | COPD vs S | ||||||
| Pulse wave velocity, m/s | none | 10.4 [9.1–12,2] | 10.9 [9.7–12.2] | 12,1 [10.6–13.5] | 0.000 | 0.14 | 0.000 |
| gender and age | 10.6 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 0.000 | 0.23 | 0.003 | |
| gender, age, and pack years | - | 11.2 | 11.9 | - | - | 0.03 | |
| BMD, total lumbar, g/cm2 | none | 1.14 [1.04–1.24] | 1.11 [0.99–1.19] | 1.03 [0.93–1.18] | 0.000 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
| gender and age | 1.14 | 1.10 | 1.03 | 0.009 | 0.08 | 0.05 | |
| gender, age, and pack years | - | 1.09 | 1.04 | - | - | 0.09 | |
| BMD, left hip, g/cm2 | none | 1.00 [0.89–1.09] | 0.98 [0.89–1.06] | 0.92 [0.83–1.03] | 0.005 | 0.27 | 0.02 |
| gender and age | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.001 | 0.55 | 0.00 | |
| gender, age, and pack years | - | 0.98 | 0.91 | - | - | 0.00 | |
| BMD, right hip, g/cm2 | none | 0.99 [0.90–1.10] | 0.99 [0.89–1.06] | 0.91 [0.83–1.04] | 0.000 | 0.19 | 0.01 |
| gender and age | 1,00 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.37 | 0.03 | |
| gender, age, and pack years | - | 0.98 | 0.93 | - | 0.03 | ||
| ASMMI, Kg/m2 | none | 7.8 [6.4–8.5] | 7.5 [6.6–8.1] | 6.8 [6.10–7.9] | 0.004 | 0.28 | 0.01 |
| gender and age | 7.5 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 0.03 | 0.99 | 0.03 | |
| gender, age, and pack years | - | 7.4 | 6.9 | - | - | 0.02 | |
| Sarcopenia, n (%) § | none | 3 (3) | 2 (2) | 26 (26) | 0.000 | 0.70 | 0.000 |
| gender and age | - | 0.000 | |||||
| gender, age, and pack years | - | 0.000 | |||||
| Pinch test, Kg | none | 7 [5–9] | 6 [5–8] | 6 [5–8] | 0.08 | - | - |
| Grip test, Kg | none | 38 [26–48] | 38 [26–45] | 36 [27–42] | 0.39 | - | - |
| HOMA-IR | none | 1.5 [1.1–2.4] | 2.0 [1.2–3.1] | 2.2 [1.2–3.1] | 0.10 | - | - |
| Glomerular flow rate, mL/min | none | 78.4 [68.9–89.6] | 79.6 [69.7–91,8] | 80.9 [69.8–94.6] | 0.18 | - | - |
| Telomere length (T/S) ratio | none | 0.42 [0.36–0.51] | 0.43 [0.36–0.50] | 0.37 [0.31–0.4] | 0.000 | 0.75 | 0.000 |
| gender and age | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.006 | 0.75 | 0.05 | |
| gender, age, and pack years | - | 0.43 | 0.37 | - | - | 0.008 | |
Definition of abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NS, nonsmokers; S, smokers; BMD, bone mineral density; ASMMI, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; T/S, ratio of telomere-repeat copy number over single-gene copy number
Glomerular flow rate was estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula.
Data are median [interquartile range] unless stated otherwise.
†P value by Fisher exact test, or nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, as appropriate, comparing the three populations (COPD patients, control smokers, and nonsmokers).
*P value of quantile regression models for adjusted analyses.
§ P value of logistic regression models for adjusted analyses.