Table 1.
Demographic, lifestyle and clinical characteristics of subjects by reduced renal function, albuminuira and CKD
| Reduced renal function | Albuminuira | CKD | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | No | Yes | P value | No | Yes | P value | No | Yes | P value |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| N (%) | 1075 (96.4%) | 40 (3.6%) | 889 (79.7%) | 226 (20.3%) | 857 (76.9%) | 258 (23.1%) | |||
| Sex | 0.6 | <0.001‡ | <0.001‡ | ||||||
| Female (n, %) | 737 (68.6%) | 29 (72.5%) | 584 (65.7%) | 182 (80.5%) | 562 (65.6%) | 204 (79.1%) | |||
| Male (n, %) | 338 (31.4%) | 11 (27.5%) | 305 (34.3%) | 44 (19.5%) | 295 (34.4%) | 54 (20.9%) | |||
| Age (years) | 53.0 ± 7.1 | 58.9 ± 6.7 | <0.001‡ | 52.8 ± 7.2 | 54.6 ± 7.2 | 0.002† | 52.6 ± 7.1 | 55.1 ± 7.3 | <0.001‡ |
| Education categories, (n, %) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | ||||||
| Illiteracy | 292 (27.2%) | 10 (25.0%) | 227 (25.5%) | 75 (33.2%) | 221 (25.8%) | 81 (31.4%) | |||
| Elementary school | 324 (30.1%) | 6 (15.0%) | 263 (29.6%) | 67 (29.7%) | 257 (30.0%) | 73 (28.3%) | |||
| Middle school | 243 (22.6%) | 13 (32.5%) | 215 (24.2%) | 41 (18.1%) | 204 (23.8%) | 52 (20.2%) | |||
| High school | 136 (12.7%) | 6 (15.0%) | 113 (12.7%) | 29 (12.8%) | 108 (12.6%) | 34 (13.2%) | |||
| College or above | 80 (7.4%) | 5 (12.5%) | 71 (8.0%) | 14 (6.2%) | 67 (7.8%) | 18 (7.0%) | |||
| Life style | |||||||||
| Ever smoking (n, %) | 289 (26.9%) | 6 (15.0%) | 0.1 | 264 (29.7%) | 31 (13.7%) | <0.001‡ | 258 (30.1%) | 37 (14.3%) | <0.001‡ |
| Ever drinking (n, %) | 128 (11.9%) | 2 (5.0%) | 0.2 | 114 (12.8%) | 16 (7.1%) | <0.001‡ | 112 (13.1%) | 18 (7.0%) | <0.001‡ |
| Physical activity (MET-h/week) | 84.4 (54.4, 148.4) | 84.0 (28.0, 140.0) | 0.1 | 84.0 (46.2, 140.0) | 102.0 (56.0, 163.8) | 0.005† | 84.0 (46.2, 141.8) | 101.4 (56.0, 158.2) | 0.027* |
| Body composition indices | |||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 ± 3.1 | 27.9 ± 2.6 | 0.4 | 27.3 ± 2.9 | 28.1 ± 3.4 | <0.001‡ | 27.3 ± 3.0 | 28.0 ± 3.3 | <0.001‡ |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.6 ± 7.1 | 93.7 ± 5.5 | 1.0 | 93.4 ± 6.9 | 94.6 ± 7.6 | 0.023* | 93.4 ± 7.0 | 94.3 ± 7.3 | 0.1 |
| Waist hip ratio | 0.937 ± 0.050 | 0.938 ± 0.049 | 0.8 | 0.936 ± 0.050 | 0.939 ± 0.047 | 0.5 | 0.936 ± 0.050 | 0.938 ± 0.047 | 0.6 |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 23.8 ± 5.3 | 25.8 ± 6.1 | 0.021* | 23.5 ± 5.3 | 25.2 ± 5.4 | <0.001‡ | 23.5 ± 5.2 | 25.2 ± 5.4 | <0.001‡ |
| Body fat rate (%) | 34.7 ± 6.7 | 36.5 ± 6.9 | 0.1 | 34.1 ± 6.7 | 37.1 ± 6.4 | <0.001‡ | 34.0 ± 6.7 | 36.9 ± 6.5 | <0.001‡ |
| Body fat free weight (kg) | 45.9 ± 8.5 | 44.8 ± 6.8 | 0.4 | 46.4 ± 8.6 | 43.9 ± 7.5 | <0.001‡ | 46.4 ± 8.6 | 44.0 ± 7.5 | <0.001‡ |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 43.4 ± 8.2 | 42.2 ± 6.6 | 0.4 | 43.8 ± 8.2 | 41.4 ± 7.2 | <0.001‡ | 43.8 ± 8.3 | 41.5 ± 7.2 | <0.001‡ |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133.7 ± 17.7 | 140.5 ± 20.1 | 0.019* | 131.5 ± 16.4 | 143.6 ± 20.1 | <0.001‡ | 131.2 ± 16.2 | 143.2 ± 19.9 | <0.001‡ |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.8 ± 10.8 | 81.2 ± 12.8 | 0.4 | 78.8 ± 10.4 | 83.9 ± 11.5 | <0.001‡ | 78.8 ± 10.4 | 83.5 ± 11.6 | <0.001‡ |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 49.1 ± 2.4 | 48.4 ± 3.0 | 0.1 | 49.0 ± 2.4 | 49.2 ± 2.4 | 0.4 | 49.0 ± 2.4 | 49.1 ± 2.5 | 0.6 |
| Serum glubulin (g/L) | 25.9 ± 3.4 | 27.4 ± 3.1 | 0.009† | 25.8 ± 3.4 | 26.9 ± 3.4 | <0.001‡ | 25.7 ± 3.4 | 26.9 ± 3.3 | <0.001‡ |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.88 ± 1.29 | 1.83 ± 0.97 | 0.8 | 1.82 ± 1.25 | 2.10 ± 1.38 | 0.003† | 1.81 ± 1.26 | 2.06 ± 1.34 | 0.009† |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.87 ± 1.09 | 5.88 ± 1.13 | 0.9 | 5.81 ± 1.07 | 6.09 ± 1.14 | <0.001‡ | 5.81 ± 1.06 | 6.06 ± 1.14 | <0.001‡ |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.37 ± 0.30 | 1.35 ± 0.26 | 0.7 | 1.37 ± 0.30 | 1.36 ± 0.28 | 0.6 | 1.37 ± 0.30 | 1.36 ± 0.28 | 0.6 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.65 ± 1.02 | 3.76 ± 0.93 | 0.5 | 3.62 ± 1.00 | 3.78 ± 1.04 | 0.038* | 3.62 ± 1.00 | 3.78 ± 1.02 | 0.024* |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 6.17 ± 1.77 | 5.84 ± 0.87 | 0.2 | 6.05 ± 1.51 | 6.60 ± 2.44 | <0.001‡ | 6.06 ± 1.53 | 6.49 ± 2.31 | <0.001‡ |
| Glucose 120 min OGTT (mmol/L) | 9.06 ± 4.13 | 8.85 ± 3.32 | 0.8 | 8.68 ± 3.80 | 10.52 ± 4.86 | <0.001‡ | 8.69 ± 3.84 | 10.26 ± 4.68 | <0.001‡ |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 12.7 ± 6.8 | 13.9 ± 6.1 | 0.3 | 12.3 ± 6.2 | 14.6 ± 8.3 | <0.001‡ | 12.2 ± 6.2 | 14.5 ± 8.1 | <0.001‡ |
| HOMA-IR (*10-6 mol*IU*L-2) | 3.54 ± 2.37 | 3.62 ± 1.72 | 0.8 | 3.36 ± 2.06 | 4.28 ± 3.14 | <0.001‡ | 3.34 ± 2.07 | 4.21 ± 3.01 | <0.001‡ |
| HbA1c | 6.21 ± 1.05 | 6.21 ± 0.65 | 1.0 | 6.15 ± 0.94 | 6.45 ± 1.34 | <0.001‡ | 6.15 ± 0.95 | 6.41 ± 1.27 | <0.001‡ |
| Blood uric acid (mol/L) | 360.2 ± 89.6 | 424.1 ± 119.9 | <0.001‡ | 363.7 ± 90.1 | 357.5 ± 97.3 | 0.4 | 361.4 ± 87.9 | 366.0 ± 102.9 | 0.5 |
| Hyperuricemia, (n (%)) | 404 (37.6%) | 26 (65.0%) | <0.001‡ | 331 (37.2%) | 99 (43.8%) | 0.1 | 310 (36.2%) | 120 (46.5%) | 0.003† |
| Irisin (ng/mL) | 7.29 (2.72, 14.82) | 6.46 (2.84, 11.05) | 0.5 | 7.18 (2.76, 15.15) | 7.74 (2.58, 13.30) | 0.8 | 7.18 (2.74, 15.23) | 7.53 (2.74, 13.13) | 0.6 |
| Irisin-log transformed (ng/mL)§ | 1.30 ± 1.24 | 1.28 ± 1.04 | 1.0 | 1.31 ± 1.22 | 1.23 ± 1.29 | 0.6 | 1.31 ± 1.23 | 1.24 ± 1.25 | 0.6 |
*p < 0.05, †p < 0.01, ‡p < 0.001.
§Irisin was log-transformed to obtain better approximation of normal distribution.
All percentages are column percentage; except for percentages, all values are mean ± s.d. or median(25th, 75th) for non-normal distribution data.
Abbreviations: A/G ratio, albumin/globulin ratio, BMI body mass index, CKD chornic kidney disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MET-h/week metabolic equivalent hours per week.