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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2015 Apr;122(4):821–831. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000579

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Impaired motor skill learning in 1-month-old mice with three ketamine/xylazine (KX) exposures at P14–18. (A) Experimental design. Animals received a single or three injections of KX starting at P14 or P21, and were subjected to rotarod training at P30–32 and testing at P37. (B-C) All groups of mice showed similar rotarod performance on the first training day. (D) After 2-day training, mice with three injections of KX at P14–18 showed significant lower performance than all other groups. (E) When retested on P37, mice with three injections of KX at P14–18 continually showed reduced performance than saline controls. (F) Animals received three injections of KX at P14–18 or P21–25, and were subjected to fear conditioning tests at P30. (G-H) Exposures to KX at P14–18 or P21–25 had no effects on the animals’ contextual fear memory (G) and auditory-cued fear memory (H). Comparison of means of each group was performed using a one-way ANOVA followed by Neuman-Keuls multiple comparison post hoc test. Data are presented as means ± S.D. ***P < 0.001.