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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Genet Epidemiol. 2014 Dec 23;39(3):149–155. doi: 10.1002/gepi.21879

Table 2.

Association testing with a sample structure and environmental factor, and σg2=60, σ2 = 40 based on the T2D-GENES genotype data. 959 samples were artificially assigned into 2 clusters.

EMMAX GEMMA PCR
hybrid OLS
20 40 60 80 100
θ1 = −1, θ2 = 1 Type I 0.057 0.059 0.081 0.067 0.065 0.061 0.059 0.052 0.152
λ 1.133 1.146 1.302 1.218 1.152 1.125 1.097 1.076 1.947
θ1 = −2, θ2 = 2 Type I 0.073 0.075 0.092 0.070 0.068 0.062 0.061 0.053 0.288
λ 1.279 1.299 1.381 1.237 1.175 1.139 1.113 1.093 3.823
θ1 = −4, θ2 = 4 Type I 0.107 0.109 0.136 0.083 0.077 0.070 0.067 0.061a 0.626
λ 1.629 1.645 1.769 1.334 1.275 1.208 1.151 1.158a 11.976
a

For PC#=40, 60, 80, 100, Type I errors=0.056, 0.055, 0.053, 0.051 and λ =1.111, 1.060, 1.062, 1.063 respectively.

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