Table 2.
Association of gender and intake of recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of nutrients at baseline (ref=female)
| Nutrient adequacy | RDA | % | meeting | Univariate | Multivariate1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Males | Female | Males | RR3 (95% CI) | p-value | RR | p-value | |
| Carbohydrate (g/d)2 | 130 | 130 | 100 | 100 | ||||
| Carbohydrate (%) | 45 – 65 | 45 – 65 | 52.2 | 51.2 | 0.98 (0.90 – 1.08) | 0.68 | 0.93 (0.82 – 1.05) | 0.24 |
| Protein (g/d) | 46 | 56 | 61.2 | 25.8 | 0.42 (0.37 - 0.48) | <.0001 | 0.44 (0.37 - 0.52) | <.0001 |
| Protein (% calories) | 10 – 35 | 10 – 35 | 44 | 52.9 | 1.20 (1.09 - 1.32) | 0.0001 | 1.12 (0.98 - 1.28) | 0.1 |
| Total fat (% calories)2 | 20 – 35 | 20 – 35 | 100 | 100 | ||||
| PUFA (g/d) | 17 | 12 | 2 | 0.17 | 0.08 (0.01 - 0.61) | 0.01 | ||
| Fiber (g/d) | 25 | 38 | 53.8 | 4.8 | 0.09 (0.06 - 0.13) | <.0001 | 0.14 (0.10 - 0.20) | <.0001 |
| Vitamin A (μg/d) | 700 | 900 | 39.8 | 39.5 | 0.99 ( 0.89 - 1.11) | 0.72 | 0.96 (0.82 - 1.13) | 0.64 |
| Thiamin (mg/d) | 1.1 | 1.2 | 76.7 | 71.6 | 0.93 (0.88 - 0.99) | 0.02 | 0.98 (0.93 - 1.03) | 0.46 |
| Riboflavin (mg/d) | 1.1 | 1.3 | 69.9 | 53.1 | 0.75 (0.70 - 0.82) | <.0001 | 0.82 (0.74 - 0.92) | 0.0006 |
| Niacin (mg/d) | 14 | 16 | 22.8 | 10.2 | 0.45 (0.35 - 0.57) | <.0001 | 0.39 (0.27 - 0.55) | <.0001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 1.3 | 1.3 | 73.2 | 77.2 | 1.06 (1.00 - 1.11) | 0.05 | 1.03 (0.98 - 1.09) | 0.22 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/d) | 2.4 | 2.4 | 46.5 | 49.9 | 1.07 (0.97 - 1.18) | 0.15 | 1.05 (0.92 - 1.20) | 0.48 |
| Pantothenate (mg/d) | 5 | 5 | 22.2 | 23.8 | 1.07 (0.90 - 1.27) | 0.44 | 0.97 (0.77 - 1.24) | 0.83 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 75 | 90 | 83.5 | 77.3 | 0.93 (0.88 - 0.97) | 0.001 | 0.95 (0.90 - 1.01) | 0.08 |
| Vitamin D (μg/d) | 15 | 15 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 2.57 (0.79 - 8.40) | 0.12 | 2.91 (1.21 - 7.00) | 0.02 |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | 15 | 15 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.23 (0.36 - 4.17) | 0.74 | 2.04 (0.29 - 14.46) | 0.48 |
| Folic acid (μg/d) | 400 | 400 | 21.7 | 24.4 | 1.12 (0.95 - 1.33) | 0.18 | 1.08 (0.85 - 1.38) | 0.53 |
| Sodium (g/d) | 1.5 | 1.5 | 99.9 | 99.8 | 1.00 (0.99 - 1.00) | 0.95 | 1.00 (0.89 - 1.13) | 0.97 |
| Potassium(μg/d) | 4.7 | 4.7 | 99.9 | 100 | ||||
| Manganese (mg/d) | 2.3 | 2.3 | 98.4 | 94.1 | 0.96 (0.94 - 0.98) | <.0001 | 0.97 (0.91 - 1.04) | 0.42 |
| Magnesium(mg/d) | 320 | 420 | 28.1 | 19.4 | 0.69 (0.58 - 0.83) | <.0001 | 1.05 (0.83 - 1.32) | 0.7 |
| Copper (mg/d) | 900 | 900 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Calcium (mg/d) | 1000 | 1000 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.54 (0.11 - 2.52) | 0.43 | 0.32 (0.06 - 1.76) | 0.19 |
| Iron (mg/d) | 18 | 8 | 5.7 | 82.7 | 14.49 (11.58 - 18.12) | <.0001 | 14.29 (11.42 - 17.89) | <0.0001 |
| Zinc | 8 | 11 | 7.9 | 0.3 | 0.35 (0.30 - 0.42) | <.0001 | 0.05 (0.01 - 0.20) | <0.0001 |
| Phosphorus | 700 | 700 | 91.5 | 91.4 | 1.00 (0.97 - 1.03) | 0.91 | 0.98 (0.95 - 1.01) | 0.12 |
Multivariate estimates adjusted for age (<30, 30 – 50 and >50 years), educational attainment (primary/none, secondary, tertiary), occupation (business/professional, skilled formal, skilled informal, unskilled, unemployed), marital status (never married, not currently married and married/cohabiting), household assets (0 – 1, 2 – 3 and 4 – 5), district (Ilala, Kinondoni and Temeke), disclosure of status (yes, no), smoking history (yes, no), social support (never, much less than desired, less than desired, as much as desired), hemoglobin (Greater than 11mg/dl, 8.5 to llmgdl, less than 8.5mg/dl), WHO clinical stage of HIV infection (1 - 4), amount spent on food (1250 Tsh or less, more than 1250 Tsh), total energy intake (kcals) and household size (1 - 4, 5-6, More than 6), body mass index (less than 18.5, 18.5 to 24.99, above 25 kg/m2), mid-upper arm circumference (less than or equal to 23cm if male or 22cm if female, above 23cm if male or 22cm if female) and season of ART initiation [December – March (long rains), April – May (harvest), June – September (post-harvest) and October – November (short rain)], loss of appetite (yes, no), presence of mouth sores (yes, no) or oral thrush (yes, no) and history of tuberculosis (yes, no).
Intake of recommended levels of carbohydrates, potassium and copper did not vary. The percent meeting the recommended range of intake of total fat as a percent of calories did not also vary. Relative risks were not computed.
Relative risks (RR) and confidence intervals were estimated from negative binomial regression, using female gender as the reference. RR above 1 implies that men were more likely to meet the recommended levels of intake for the relevant nutrient compared to women. RR below 1 implies that women were more likely to meet the recommended levels of intake for the relevant nutrient compared to men.