Table 2.

Subject characteristics and shoulder evaluation measures

Measure (units)	Patients with diabetes	Controls	P-valuea	Correlation with total SPADI scoresb
Number of subjects	27	27
Age (years)	65.7(8.9)	64.4(8.7)	0.64
Weight (kg)	101.1 (21.2)	98.1(16.4)	0.99
Height (m)	1.7 (0.09)	1.7 (0.10)	0.93
Body mass index (kg/m2)	33.2 (5.5)	33.3 (6.0)	0.93
Sex (male/female)	17/10	17/10
Hnadedness (right/left)	26/1	26/1
SPADI score (%)	37.1 (27.9)	0
Passive ROM (degrees)
Flexion
Right	154 (25)	170 (6)	≤0.001	−0.68†
Left	149 (30)	170 (5)
Abduction
Right	147 (26)	170 (5)	≤0.001	−0.74†
Left	141 (29)	170 (6)
External rotation
Right	67 (13)	79 (5)	≤0.001	−0.51†
Left	61 (20)	76 (5)
Internal rotationc
Right	76 (71–81)	80 (77–84)	0.10	−0.42*
Left	77 (71–81)	81 (79–85)
Active ROM (degrees)
Flexion
Right	151 (19)	165 (7)	≤0.001	−0.41*
Left	145 (24)	164 (7)
Abduction
Right	153 (19)	166 (7)	≤0.001	−0.60†
Left	141 (30)	164 (7)
External rotation
Right	59 (11)	67 (9)	0.011	−0.22
Left	55 (13)	65 (9)
Strength (kg)
Flexors
Right	10.9 (3.9)	14.7 (4.2)	≤0.001	−0.44*
Left	9.8 (3.8)	13.9 (4.3)
Abductors
Right	9.1 (3.8)	10.5 (2.4)	0.15	−0.56†
Left	8.5 (2.8)	9.7 (2.3)
External rotators
Right	10.8 (3.3)	13.1 (3.7)	0.02	−0.51†
Left	9.5 (3.8)	11.1 (2.8)
Internal rotators
Right	12.1 (3.8)	13.6 (3.5)	0.048	−0.63†
Left	11.3 (4.8)	14.5 (3.3)

SPADI, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; ROM, range of motion.

Data represented as mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise indicated.

^aP values were determined using independent sample Student’s t-test.

^bCorrelation between total SPADI score and shoulder ROM and strength measures was determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (n=29);

^*P<0.05;

^†P<0.01.

^cNon-parametric tests were used: Mann–Whitney U-test and Spearman’s correlation. Data represented as median and interquartile range.