Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants with coronary heart disease by stress and depressive symptoms groups, REGARDS (N = 4,487).
| Low stress and low depressive symptoms (n =3,613) |
High stress and low depressive symptoms (n =253) |
Low stress and high depressive symptoms (n =347) |
High stress and high depressive symptoms (n =274) |
p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, Mean (SD), years | 69.1 (8.7) | 67.3 (9.6) | 67.2 (9.1) | 63.6 (9.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Black | 30.9% | 50.6% | 46.4% | 51.8% | < 0.001 | |
| Male | 65.0% | 40.3% | 49.0% | 35.0% | < 0.001 | |
| Region of residence | 0.22 | |||||
| Non-belt | 45.0% | 39.9% | 42.4% | 38.3% | ||
| Stroke belt | 33.7% | 37.9% | 36.9% | 36.5% | ||
| Stroke buckle | 21.3% | 22.1% | 20.8% | 25.2% | ||
| Income <$20,000 | 19.4% | 41.2% | 42.4% | 51.9% | < 0.001 | |
| High school graduate | 85.9% | 75.1% | 73.8% | 67.9% | < 0.001 | |
| Body mass index, Mean (SD) | 29.2 (5.8) | 30.6 (6.8) | 30.7 (6.4) | 30.8 (6.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Married | 65.8% | 55.3% | 39.8% | 43.1% | < 0.001 | |
| Less than excellent general health | 90.3% | 98.0% | 96.5% | 98.2% | < 0.001 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension | 71.7% | 76.7% | 80.4% | 80.7% | < 0.001 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 31.2% | 47.0% | 43.5% | 41.2% | < 0.001 | |
| Myocardial infarction | 70.8% | 75.5% | 70.6% | 77.0% | 0.07 | |
| Stroke | 10.8% | 19.8% | 15.0% | 20.4% | < 0.001 | |
| Medication Use | ||||||
| Statins | 61.0% | 55.3% | 53.6% | 49.6% | < 0.001 | |
| Beta blockers | 47.8% | 43.5% | 50.4% | 52.9% | 0.13 | |
| Aspirin | 71.4% | 67.2% | 70.9% | 64.2% | 0.05 | |
| Antidepressants | 12.8% | 19.0% | 24.5% | 38.7% | < 0.001 | |
| Clopidogrel | 15.2% | 16.2% | 19.0% | 19.0% | 0.13 | |
| Renin angiotensin system inhibitors | 53.9% | 57.3% | 57.1% | 54.0% | 0.52 | |
| Health Risk Behaviors | ||||||
| No physical activity | 35.2% | 48.6% | 51.3% | 53.7% | < 0.001 | |
| Heavy alcohol consumption | 3.2% | 0.8% | 2.3% | 3.3% | < 0.001 | |
| Current cigarette smoker | 13.4% | 16.6% | 21.6% | 34.7% | < 0.001 | |
| Low medication adherence | 6.3% | 11.1% | 10.4% | 19.3% | < 0.001 | |
| Stress and depressive symptoms | ||||||
| CESD score, Median (25th – 75th percentile) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 5 (4–7) | 6 (5–9) | < 0.001 | |
| PSS score, Median (25th – 75th percentile) | 2 (0–4) | 8 (8–9) | 5 (3–6) | 9 (8–10) | < 0.001 | |
CESD- Centers for epidemiological studies of depression. PSS – Perceived stress scale.
High depressive symptoms were defined by Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score ≥ 4. High stress was defined by Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale score ≥ 8.
REGARDS (Reason for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke). Stroke buckle includes coastal North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Stroke belt includes the remainder of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee and Arkansas.