. 2015 Feb 18;20(2):264–280. doi: 10.1007/s00776-014-0693-1

Table 1.

Subject selection criteria

Inclusion criteria

Age between 20 and 89 years

Self-supporting and requires no medical treatment for orthopedic diseases^a

Exclusion criteria

Cannot understand the questionnaire due to cognitive impairment

Under treatment for orthopedic disorders at a medical institution^a

Previous operation of the lumbar spine

Medical professionals (e.g., physician, nurse, therapist, etc.)

^aSubjects with low back pain, judged to be able to perform daily their living activities unimpaired, were not excluded, even if they were receiving alternative medicine